Subject shape-changing composites

De Man (1983) has reviewed this property of fats. Consistency is defined as (1) an ill-defined and subjectively assessable characteristic of a material that depends on the complex stress-flow relation or as (2) the property by which a material resists change of shape. Spreadabil-ity, a term used in relation to consistency, is the force required to spread the fat with a knife. The definition is similar to that for hardness the resistance of the surface of a body to deformation. The most widely used simple compression test in North America is the cone penetrometer method (AOCS Method Cc 16-60, 1960). More sophisticated rheological procedures are also available. Efforts have been made to calibrate instrumental tests with sensory response. With the cone penetrometer method, penetration depth is used as a measure of firmness. Hayakawa and De Man (1982) studied the hardness of fractions obtained by crystallization of milk fat. Hardness values obtained with a constant speed penetrometer reflected trends in their TG composition and solid fat content. 

In the determination of acidity by microcalorimetry, several factors play an important role, such as the adsorption temperature, the pretreatment temperature and the choice of the probe molecule. O er factors, more specific to zeolites, are the topology, the Si/Al ratio, the chemical composition, and the modifications to which the samples have been subjected. The shape of the differential heat curves versus coverage demonstrates quite explicitly that the number, the reactivity and the distribution of surface sites are significantly modified when the composition, or the pretreatment, of the samples are changed. However, the two main factors are the zeolite structure and the fi amework aluminum content. Most of the studies described herein are summarized as reference tables in a review by Cardona-Martinez et al. [6] or fiilly detailed in [4]. 

Figure 3a shows the microstructure of the initial parent metal the structure of d-phase inclusions (CuAh intermetallic compound-based solid solution) is shown in Fig. 3b. As a result of the welding heat effect, most of the inclusions of the intermetallic phase in the HAZ were subjected to partial local melting and were converted into clusters and interlayers of eutectics (Figs. 3c, 3d, 4a, and 4b), while others changed shape only slightly. This is probably explained by the fact that in the condition of nonequilibrium primary solidification, they had a composition considerably different from that prescribed by the equilibrium diagram [%...

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