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Subcellular enzymes

Cristofalo, V. J. and Kabakjian, J. (1975). Lysosomal enzymes and aging in vitro Subcellular enzyme distribution and effect of hydrocortisone on cell lifespan. Mech. Ageing Dev. 4, 19-28. [Pg.137]

Brooks, S. P. J. Storey, K. B. (1988a). Subcellular enzyme binding in glycolytic control in vivo studies with fish muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 255, R289-R294. [Pg.167]

Bile acid synthesis from cholesterol is the prime pathway for cholesterol catabolism. Cholesterol is converted into bile acids via multiple pathways which involve 17 different enzymes. Many of these enzymes are predominantly expressed in the liver and are localized in several different subcellular... [Pg.256]

The ECE isoforms show different subcellular distributions and enzymatic characteristics (Table 2). ECE-la and ECE-lc are mainly expressed at the cell surface, whereas ECE-lb, ECE-Id and ECE-2 are expressed intracellularly. Plasma membrane-bound ECE cleaves big-ET-1 circulating in the blood, whereas intracellular ECE isoforms are involved in the generation of mature endothelins. In addition, ECEs (as well as NEP and the insulin-degrading enzyme) contribute to the degradation of amyloid (3 (A 3) peptide. [Pg.472]

Vertebrate liver is a very rich source of enzymes that metabolize lipophilic xenobiotics, and subcellular fractions are prepared to study metabolism. Sometimes, other tissues such as brain, kidney, testis, and ovary are also treated in this way. A typical subcellular fractionation of liver might be as follows ... [Pg.45]

In eukaryotes, anabolic and catabolic pathways that interconvert common products may take place in specific subcellular compartments. For example, many of the enzymes that degrade proteins and polysaccharides reside inside organelles called lysosomes. Similarly, fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol, whereas fatty... [Pg.72]

Life originated in an aqueous environment enzyme reactions, cellular and subcellular processes, and so forth have therefore evolved to work in this milieu. Since mammals live in a gaseous environment, how is the aqueous state maintained Membranes accomplish this by internalizing and compartmentalizing body water. [Pg.415]

The estrogens are a family of hormones synthesized in a variety of tissues. 17P-Estradiol is the primary estrogen of ovarian origin. In some species, estrone, synthesized in numerous tissues, is more abundant. In pregnancy, relatively more estriol is produced, and this comes from the placenta. The general pathway and the subcellular localization of the enzymes involved in the early steps of estradiol synthesis are the same as those involved in androgen biosynthesis. Features unique to the ovary are illustrated in Figure 42-7. [Pg.442]

For the sake of study, the biosynthesis of carotenoid plant pigments can be divided into parts involving enzymes and their associated activities as listed in Table 5.3.1 and further detailed in Figure 5.3.1 through Figure 5.3.4. Some of the parts have common enzymatic mechanisms and may also be in distinct subcellular compartments such as cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, or plastid thylakoid. [Pg.357]

Livingstone DR, SV Farrar (1984) Tissue and subcellular distribution of enzyme activities of mixed-function oxygenase and benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in the common mussel Mytilis edulis L. Sci Tot Environ 39 209-235. [Pg.101]

The biocatalyst is incorporated in different physical forms as an isolated enzyme, a whole cell, a subcellular organelle or a tissue slice depending on... [Pg.324]

Fig. 1.3 Prediction of the most appropriate subcellular targeting strategies by agroinfiltration. The levels of an industrial enzyme (IE) are shown in agroinfiltrated and transgenic alfalfa leaves using different subcellular targeting peptides. Equal amounts of total soluble leaf proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted onto a PVDF membrane. Polyclonal anti-IE IgGs were used for detection. Fig. 1.3 Prediction of the most appropriate subcellular targeting strategies by agroinfiltration. The levels of an industrial enzyme (IE) are shown in agroinfiltrated and transgenic alfalfa leaves using different subcellular targeting peptides. Equal amounts of total soluble leaf proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted onto a PVDF membrane. Polyclonal anti-IE IgGs were used for detection.
From overexpression studies, it can be inferred that individual isoforms of PKC are precisely directed to distinct subcellular locations (e.g. PKCa to the endoplasmic reticulum and PKCS to the Golgi). Directing PKC isozymes to specific subcellular loci appears to occur via interaction of the enzyme with localized intracellular binding proteins. Such proteins may or may not be substrates for PKC. An example of the latter category would be RACK (receptors for activated C kinase) 1. RACKs are thought to interact only with activated PKCs and to direct translocated PKCs to specific loci. [Pg.357]

To date, there have only been a limited number of studies directly examining PKC in bipolar disorders [77], Although undoubtedly an oversimplification, particulate (membrane) PKC is sometimes viewed as the more active form of PKC, and thus an examination of the subcellular partitioning of this enzyme can be used as an index of the degree of activation. Friedman etal. [78] investigated PKC activity and PKC translocation in response to serotonin in platelets obtained from bipolar-disorder patients before and during lithium treatment. They reported that the ratios of platelet-membrane-bound to cytosolic PKC activities were elevated in the manic patients. In addition, serotonin-elicited platelet PKC translocation was found to be enhanced in those patients. With respect to brain tissue, Wang and Friedman [74] measured PKC isozyme levels, activity and translocation in postmortem brain tissue from patients with bipolar disorder, and reported increased PKC activity and translocation in the brains of bipolar patients compared with controls, effects which were accompanied by elevated levels of selected PKC isozymes in cortices of bipolar disorder patients. [Pg.897]


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