Subcellular location

GPCR function has been shown to be regulated by several different mechanisms. The number of receptors on the plasma membrane may be regulated by transcription, mRNA stability, biosynthetic processing, and protein stability. In addition, the function of receptors in the plasma membrane can be influenced by regulatory phosphorylation and by association with other proteins that determine the subcellular location of receptors relative to other signaling molecules. 

Trafficking is controlled movement of a protein from one subcellular location to another. 

Type of food matrix Subcellular location of compound Food processing... 

The release of a compound from the food matrix in which it is incorporated is a determining process for its bioavailability and is largely influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of the compound, the type of food matrix, the subcellular location of the compound in plant tissues, and the food processing. The, food matrix type greatly influences the compound bioaccessibility. 

The subcellular location of PG was studied in cells disrupted by osmotic lysis through formation and disruption of sphaeroplasts from self-induced anaerobically-grown cells. A discontinuous sucrose-density gradient produced four bands labelled I, II, III and IV. Band I included many vesicles and a peak of alkaline phosphatase activity (a vacuolar marker in yeasts), NADPH cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity, an endoplasmic reticulum marker, and... 

IV. Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) Within a cell the superoxide dismutases (SODs) constitute the first line of defense against ROS. Superoxide radical (02) is produced where an electron transport chain is present, as in mitochondria and chloroplasts, but 02 activation may occur in other subcellular locations such as glyoxysomes, peroxisomes, apoplast and the cytosol. Thus SODs are present in all these cellular locations, converting superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and water (i.e. copper/zinc SODs are typically found in the nuclei and cytosol of eukaryotic cells). 

From overexpression studies, it can be inferred that individual isoforms of PKC are precisely directed to distinct subcellular locations (e.g. PKCa to the endoplasmic reticulum and PKCS to the Golgi). Directing PKC isozymes to specific subcellular loci appears to occur via interaction of the enzyme with localized intracellular binding proteins. Such proteins may or may not be substrates for PKC. An example of the latter category would be RACK (receptors for activated C kinase) 1. RACKs are thought to interact only with activated PKCs and to direct translocated PKCs to specific loci. 

Oxidative stress generally describes a condition in which cellular antioxidant defenses are inadequate to completely detoxify the free radicals being generated, because of excessive production of ROS, loss of antioxidant defenses or, typically, both [23]. This condition may occur locally, as antioxidant defenses may become overwhelmed at certain subcellular locations while remaining intact overall, and selectively with regard to radical species, as antioxidant defenses are radical-specific - for example SOD for superoxide and catalase or glutathione peroxidase for H202. 

Both vacuoles and cytoplasm can be visualized by ester-loading imper-meant fluorochromes. The fluorochrome 6CF can be introduced by ester-loading with 6CF-diacetate, which is not fluorescent or polar and readily permeates cells. Once inside the cell, it is cleaved into the highly fluorescent and charged anion 6CF, which is ion-trapped. Lipophilic FITC derivatives are compartmented in patterns that depend on the subcellular location of esterases, and in different cells may be compartmented by cytoplasm or vacuole (51). 

SUBCELLULAR LOCATION TYPE II MEMBRANE PROTEIN. ALSO EXISTS AS AN EXTRACELLULAR SOLUBLE FORM. 

As with the DE lines, the CC lines give an indication about the level of characterization of a protein. The example provides experimentally verified information about the "function", the quatenary structure ("SUBUNIT"), the "SUBCELLULAR LOCATION" and the "TISSUE SPECIFICITY" of the protein. A description of the "disease (s) " known to be associated with a deficiency of the protein, a description of the "SIMILARITY" of the protein with other proteins, and a cross reference to network "DATABASE" resource(s) for this specific protein are also found. 

Description of subcellular location of mature protein Description of quaternary structure of a protein Description of tissue specificity of a protein... 

CC - - SUBCELLULAR LOCATION MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE CC (POTENTIAL). 

A single sentence describing some properties of the unknown protein is not regarded as optimal automatic annotation of TrEMBL. As with SWISS-PROT, as much information as possible is required about properties such as function (s) of the protein, domains and sites, catalytic activity, cofactors, regulation, induction, pathways, tissue specificity, developmental stages, and subcellular location. 

Whenever a TrEMBL entry is recognized by these procedures as a true member of a certain protein family, annotation about the potential function, active sites, cofactors, binding sites, domains, and subcellular locations is added to the entry. The main source of the annotation is compiled by extracting the annotation that is common to all SWISS-... 

Chou, K.-C., and Elrod, D. (1999). Protein subcellular location prediction. Protein Eng. 12, 107-118. 

Reinhardt, A., and Hubbard, T. (1998). Using neural networks for prediction of the subcellular location of proteins. Nucl. Acids Res. 26, 2230-2236. 

Pathways can be illustrated in a metabolic map as linear, branched or cyclic processes (Figure 1.3) and are often compartmentalized within particular subcellular location glycolysis in the cytosol and the Krebs tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in... 

Table 2.3. Subcellular Location of Some Intracellular Peptidases ...

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