Styrene-based electrolytes

QCMB RAM SBR SEI SEM SERS SFL SHE SLI SNIFTIRS quartz crystal microbalance rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide-zinc styrene-butadiene rubber solid electrolyte interphase scanning electron microscopy surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy sulfolane-based electrolyte standard hydrogen electrode starter-light-ignition subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared... 

Crompton and Buckley [123] modified this procedure, improving its sensitivity to a lower detection limit of 2 ppm acrylonitrile in polymer. They also foimd that it was possible, using the same base electrolyte, to determine styrene monomer in amounts down to 20 ppm in styrene-acrylonitrile co-polymers. 

Methacrylonitrile can also be determined if acrylonitrile is absent. Both styrene and acrylonitrile can also be determined in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, using the same procedure. Tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.1 M TBAI) in aqueous dimethylformamide (DMF) was used as the base electrolyte and polarography was carried out using a differential cathode ray polarograph. 

Figures 2.16a and 2.16b show polarograms of single solutions of acrylontrile and styrene monomers in the base electrolyte, and of a mixture of the two monomers. It is seen that the waves for the two monomers are well resolved from each other.

Figure 2.16 (a) Cathode ray polarogram of a synthetic solution of acrylonitrile in TBAI-DMF base electrolyte. Curve A base electrolyte blank solution. Curve B 4 ppm of acrylonitrile in base electrolyte, start potential = -1.7 V. (b) Cathode ray polarogram of a synthetic solution of 11.2 ppm of styrene and 9.3 ppm of acrylonitrile monomer in TBAI-DMF base electrolyte. Wave A acrylonitrile wave, wave B styrene wave, start potential = -1.7 V Reproduced from Crompton and Buckley, RSC [123]... 

Residual amounts of styrene and acrylonitrile monomers usually remain in manufactured batches of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers (ABS), As these copolymers have a potential use in the food packaging field, it is necessary to ensure that the content of both of these monomers in the finished copolymers is below a stipulated level. In a polarographic procedure [9, 10] for determining acrylonitrile (down to 2 ppm) and styrene (down to 20 ppm) monomers in styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, the sample is dissolved in 0.2 M tetramethylammonium iodide in dimethyl formamide base electrolyte and polarographed at start potentials of -1.7 V and -2.0 V, respectively, for the two monomers. Excellent results are obtained by this procedure. Table 5.3 shows the results obtained for determinations of acrylonitrile monomer in some copolymers by the polarographic procedure. 

In a polarographic procedure for determining acrylonitrile (down to 2 ppm) and styrene (down to 20 ppm) monomers in styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, the sample is dissolved in 0.2 M tetramethyl ammonium iodide in dimethyl formamide base electrolyte... 

A dimethyl formamide solution of the sample containing 0.2 M tetrabutyl ammonium iodide base electrolyte is polarographed at start potentials of -2.0 V (styrene) and -1.7 V (acrylonitrile). The styrene and acrylonitrile waves are evaluated. The method is calibrated by standard additions of the two monomers. 

W = weight in g. of original styrene - acrylonitrile copolymer sample made up to 50 cm in base electrolyte solution (5 cm portion used for polarography)... 

The above method is capable of determining down to 2 ppm of acrylonitrile and 20 ppm of styrene monomer in styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers with an accuracy of 5% when a 2.5% solution of polymer in base electrolyte is used. 

Another series of norbomene-based polymer electrolytes bearing pendent cyclotriphosphazene side groups were synthesized and characterized by Allcock et al. [69-73], In comparison with styrene-based polymers prepared by Inoue et al. [65-68], most of the norbomene-based polymers exhibit no crystallization... 

Some novel water soluble macromonomers, 24, have been synthesized by the oxyanionic polymerization [149] of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl, 2-(diisopropyl-amino)ethyl, and 2-(JV-morpholino)ethyl methacrylate, and conducted to dispersion copolymerization of styrene in alcohol media [150]. Sufobetaine-based macromonomer was prepared by the polymer reaction of 24 (R=CH3) with propane sultone, and was found to be useful in the dispersion polymerization of styrene even at high electrolyte levels (up to 1 M NaCl). Ito et al. [151] synthesized new PEO macromonomers with a cationic charge at the co-end, 25, and examined the influence of the charge on the particles size in dispersion copolymerization with styrene in alcohol media. 

Compared with PEO electrolytes, PDVF, and PMMA electrolytes exhibited higher ionic conductivities. In particular, PMMA has attracted increasing attentions due to its low cost, high solvent retention ability, high transparency, and processibility. The first allpolymer electrochromic device was obtained based on a gel electrolyte and PEDOT-PSS [poly(styrene sulfonate)] electrochromic material (Argun et al., 2003). The fabricated device exhibited a maximum transmittance change of 51% at 540 nm. In addition, this device was fairly stable and only 5% contrast loss was observed after 32,000 cycles. 

Sellam, and S. A. Hashmi. 2013. High rate performance of flexible pseudocapacitors fabricated using ionic-liquid-based proton conducting polymer electrolyte with poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) and its hydrous ruthenium oxide composite electrodes. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces 5 3875-3883. 

Navarro, A., del Rio, C. and Acosta, J.L. 2008. Pore-filling electrolyte membranes based on microporous polyethylene matrices activated with plasma and sulfonated hydrogenated styrene butadiene block copolymer. Synthesis, microstructural and electrical characterization. J. Pohm. Sci. B Polvm. Phvs. 46 1684-1695. 

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