Stress transduction

The fractal dimension D is used to quantify the micro structure of the fat crystal networks, where d is the Euclidean dimension, x is the backbone fractal dimension that is estimated between 1 and 1.3. The backbone fractal dimension describes the tortuosity of the effective chain of stress transduction within a cluster of particles yielding under an externally applied stress (Shih et al. 1990 Kantor and Webman 1984). 

Shih et al. (1) proposed that this expression could be used to represent the force constant of an entire fractal floe. The assumption made is that the elastic properties of the floe are given by an effective backbone of stress transduction—a tortuous long chain of particles within the floe. Shih et al. (1) thus modified Kantor... 

The main assumption made in this treatment is that the number of particles belonging to the effective backbone of stress transduction remains constant within the range of volume fractions studied. 

Fig. 1. Signal transduction pathway Converts stress to a cellular response...

A cell subjected to a stress of any kind can potentially exhibit a wide range of responses. Severe stress may lead to cell death and, ultimately, to cell lysis imposition of less severe conditions may result in a metabolically perturbed system, which may either revert to its initial state or adapt in some way to the imposed conditions. Figure 10 shows a hypothetical scheme, presented by Prokop and Bajpai [12], for the signal-response cascade associated with hydrodynamic shear stress. The signal reception/transduction mechanisms are, as yet, poorly understood. While Fig. 10 can be applied to any biological system, Namdev and... 

Hare, P.D., Cress, W.A., and Van Staden, J., Proline synthesis and degradation a model system for elucidating stress-related signal transduction, J. Exp. Bot, 50, 413,... 

A stress that is describable by a single scalar can be identified with a hydrostatic pressure, and this can perhaps be envisioned as the isotropic effect of the (frozen) medium on the globular-like contour of an entrapped protein. Of course, transduction of the strain at the protein surface via the complex network of chemical bonds of the protein 3-D structure will result in a local strain at the metal site that is not isotropic at all. In terms of the spin Hamiltonian the local strain is just another field (or operator) to be added to our small collection of main players, B, S, and I (section 5.1). We assign it the symbol T, and we note that in three-dimensional space, contrast to B, S, and I, which are each three-component vectors. T is a symmetrical tensor with six independent elements ... 

Vranova, E., Inze, D. and Van Breusegem, F. (2002). Signal transduction during oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 53 1227-1236. 

Our work on thiolato oxidation is of broader relevance, as there is much current interest in the function of protein cysteinyl sulfenates in signal transduction, oxygen metabolism, oxidative stress, and their role in the activity of nitrile hydratase (98-100). 

Signal transduction (control of cellular stress responses and MAP-kinase pathways)... 

Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55 373-399... 

Wang, W., et al.. Activation of the hematopoietic progenitor kinase-1 (HPKl)-dependent, stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-activated kinase (TAKl), a kinase mediator of TGF beta signal transduction. J Biol Chem, 1997,... 

Diveu C, Venereau E, Froger J, et al Molecular and functional characterization of a soluble form of oncostatin M/interleukin-31 shared receptor. J Biol Chem 2006 281 36673-36682. Stress C, Radtke S, Clahsen T, et al Oncostatin M receptor-mediated signal transduction is negatively regulated by SOCS3 through a receptor tyrosine-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2006 281 8458-8468. 

Phosphorylation of H3 is not limited to mitosis and also occurs in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway and/or of the p38 stress kinase pathway when cells are treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF), 12-G-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), anesomycin, okadiac acid, and stresses such as UV irradiation induces the rapid phosphorylation of H3 at Ser-10 and/or Ser-28 [68-72] (Figs. 5 and 6). Inhibition of the MEK1,2 activity with PD98059 prevents the activation of ERK and TPA-induced H3... 

Stimulation of ovarian granulosa cells with follicle-stimulating hormone results in the phosphorylation of H3 at Ser-10 [74]. However, neither the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signal transduction nor the p38 stress kinase pathways are involved in this response. 

C. M. Payne, C. Bernstein and H. Bernstein, Apoptosis overview emphasizing the role of oxidative stress, DNA damage and signal-transduction pathways, Leuk. Lymphoma, 1995, 19(1-2), 43. 

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