Stress kinases

Hacker, H. et al., CpG-DNA-specific activation of antigen-presenting cells requires stress kinase activity and is preceded by non-specific endocytosis and endosomal maturation, Embo J., 17, 6230, 1998. 

Phosphorylation of H3 is not limited to mitosis and also occurs in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway and/or of the p38 stress kinase pathway when cells are treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF), 12-G-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), anesomycin, okadiac acid, and stresses such as UV irradiation induces the rapid phosphorylation of H3 at Ser-10 and/or Ser-28 [68-72] (Figs. 5 and 6). Inhibition of the MEK1,2 activity with PD98059 prevents the activation of ERK and TPA-induced H3... 

Stimulation of ovarian granulosa cells with follicle-stimulating hormone results in the phosphorylation of H3 at Ser-10 [74]. However, neither the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signal transduction nor the p38 stress kinase pathways are involved in this response. 

Fig. 2 Outline of signal transduction pathways for stress kinases, JNKs, and for Map kinases, p38 and ERKl/2. Shown is the cross-talk between the various pathways. Map kinases MEKKl/2/3 activate the MAP kinases MKK4 (JNKKl) and MKK7 (JNKK2). MKK4/7 can also be activated by the Map kinases TAKl and Askl, which can also activate MKK3/6 of the p38 s pathway. Activation of Rap-GTP is capable of activating the p38 and ERKl/2 pathways. As indicated, ceramide can activate the p38 pathway, and, also, has been suggested to play a role in activation of the ERKl/2 pathway...

L. Xue, J. He, N.L. Oleinick (1999). Promotion of photodynamic therapy-induced apoptosis by stress kinases. Cell Death Dijf., 6, 855-864. 

Yin, Z., Ivanov, V.N., Habelhah, H., Tew, K., and Ronai, Z., Glutathione S-transferase p elicits protection against H202-mduced cell death via coordinated regulation of stress kinases. Cancer Res., 60, 4053M057, 2000. 

MieUte K, Herdegen T. JNK and p38 stress kinases degenerative effectors of signal-transduction-cascades in the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2000 61 (l) 45-60. 

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