Stress response induction

Overall, it was determined that antimicrobial, cationic PEI is a specific inducer of the CpxRA stress response in Escherichia coli. In contrast, the small antimicrobial molecule, vanillin, known to disrupt membranes, specifically induced the rE stress response. These results suggest that extracytoplasmic stress response induction can provide an intriguing window into the differences of the bactericidal action of antimicrobial compounds [35]. 

The human HS cycle can be considered broadly as a period which leads to the dramatic shift in activities of the transcriptional and translational machinery followed by eventual recovery and resumption of original activities preceding stress. Figure 1 depicts many of the key events in the HS cycle for a typical human cell line such as cervical carcinoma-derived HeLa cells. Most cells respond in an identical fashion, but some cell types that have distinctive HS responses. These differences are manifested by shifts in the relative concentrations of accumulated HS proteins and possibly in the pattern of posttranslational modifications. In all cases, however, the cellular stress response is heralded by induction of a specific transcription factor whose DNA binding activity facilitates increased expression of one or more of the stress-inducible genes. 

Recent studies have further examined the iron stress response of pseudomonads using an iron-regulated, ice-nucleation gene reporter (inaZ) for induction of the iron stress response (17,18,84). This particular reporter system was developed by Loper and Lindow (85) for study of microbial iron stress on plant surfaces but was later employed in soil assays. In initial. studies, cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. syringae that contained the pvd-inaZ fusion were shown to express iron-responsive ice-nucleation activity in the bean rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Addition of iron to leaves or soil reduced the apparent transcription of the pvd-inaZ reporter gene, as shown by a reduction in the number of ice nuclei produced. 

Wakabayashi N, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Holtzclaw WD, Kang MI, Kobayashi A, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, Talalay P. 2004. Protection against electrophile and oxidant stress by induction of the phase 2 response Fate of cysteines of the Keapl sensor modified by inducers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 2040-2045. 

The mechanistic basis of the neuroprotective activity of FAEE appears to rely not only on its general free-radical trapping or antioxidant activity per se, but also on its activity in mediating the induction of stress response proteins (HO-1 and F1SP72), cytoprotective (phase 2) proteins, and the parallel suppression of genes induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). 

Milutinovic S, Zhuang Q, Niveleau A, Szyf M. Epigenomic stress response. Knockdown of DNA methyltransferase 1 triggers an intra-S-phase arrest of DNA replication and induction of stress response genes. J Biol Chem 2003 278 14985-14995. 

Klein, G., Lindner, B., Brabetz, W., Brade, H., Raina, S. Escherichia coli K-12 suppressor-free mutants lacking early glycosyltransferases and late acyltransferases minimal lipopolysaccharide structure and induction of envelope stress response. J Biol Chem 284 (2009) 15369-15389. 

Martinez-Pastor, M.T., G. Marchler, C. Schuller, A. Marchler-Bauer, H. Ruis, and F. Estruch (1996). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae zinc-finger proteins Msn2p and Msn4p are required for transcriptional induction through the stress-response element (STRE). EMBO J. 15 2227-2235. 

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