Stress response gene

A further opportunity for the use of stress-responsive promoters and enhancers is as probes to isolate other stress-responsive genes, the activity of which is not manifest by protein synthesis. As regards the manipulation of stress tolerance as a breeding tool, it is likely that the stress-responsive promoters and enhancers will have a role to play in controlling the expression of adaptive genes when these are transplanted over great evolutionary distances. 

Stress response genes t Stress response genes ... 

In the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis (DNA with low G + C content), three Fur-like proteins have been characterized (Bsat et al., 1998). One, called Fur, regulates mainly iron uptake and siderophore biosynthesis. A second one, called PerR, regulates peroxide stress response genes and acts with manganese as corepressor. A third one, Zur, regulates genes for zinc uptake. The Zur protein found in E. coli shows only 25 % identity to the B. subtilis Zur, while the two Fur proteins have 32 % identical amino acids. 

Shaw PJ, Tononi G, Greenspan RJ, Robinson DF 2002 Stress response genes protect against lethal effects of sleep deprivation in Drosophila. Nature 417 287-291 Yang Z, Sehgal A 2001 Role of molecular oscillations in generating behavioral rhythms in Drosophila. Neuron 29 453—467... 

Milutinovic S, Zhuang Q, Niveleau A, Szyf M. Epigenomic stress response. Knockdown of DNA methyltransferase 1 triggers an intra-S-phase arrest of DNA replication and induction of stress response genes. J Biol Chem 2003 278 14985-14995. 

The interaction of NF-kB with IkB provides a wealth of examples of several different kinds of order-disorder processes. This work was started in our lab as a collaboration with Dr. E.A. Komives at the University of California, San Diego. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) is a dimeric transcription factor widely employed for the transcription of stress-response genes, as it binds to kB upstream enhancer DNA sequences, where it recruits the transcriptional activator CBP. In an unstressed cell, the majority of the NF-kB resides in the cytoplasm, in complex with the inhibitor of NF-kB (IkB). Response to stress involves phosphorylation and ubiquitination of IkB and its subsequent degradation by the proteasome. The free NF-kB is transported to the nucleus, where it binds to the kB enhancer sequences and mediates the transcription of genes that include that of IkB, which acts subsequently to remove NF-kB from the DNA and return it to the cytoplasm as the NF-kB-IkB complex. 

Thuerauf, D.J., Morrison, L. and Glembotski, C.C. (2004) Opposing roles for ATF6alpha andATF6beta in endoplasmic reticulum stress response gene induction. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 21078-21084. 

LindeU, D., Penno, S., Al-Qutob, M., David, E., RivUn, T., Lazar, B., and Post, A. F. (2005). Expression of the N-stress response gene ntcA reveals N-su ficient Synechococcus populations in the oligotrophic northern Red Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 1932—1944. 

Alba BM, Leeds JA, Onufryk C, Lu CZ, Gross CA. DegS and YaeL participate sequentially in the cleavage of RseA to activate the sigma(E)-dependent extracytoplasmic stress response. Genes Dev. 2002 16 2156-2168. 

Nuclear/Cellular Events Increased Ca+ cone, in cytosol Increased DNA-double strand breaks Increased poly(ADP-Ribosylation) of nuclear proteins Increased expression of stress response genes Lipid peroxidation... 

Hai T, Wolfgang CD, Marsee DK, Allen AE, Sivaprasad U (1999) ATF3 and stress responses. Gene Expr 7(4-6) 321-335... 

Zuzuarregui, A. and del Olmo, M. 2004. Expression of stress response genes in wine strains with different fermentative behavior. FEMS Yeast Res. 4, 699-710. 

The developments of stress-resistant transgenic plants are largely predicted on the capability of the products of overexpressed stress-responsive genes to protect otherwise sensitive plants. However, it must be noted that not all the identified stress-responsive genes have proven successful in conferring stress resistance. 

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