Induction, transcription

However, the nucleic acids are more resistant to HP than proteins. Because the structure of the DNA helix is basically the result of the formation of hydrogen bonds, the negative change in volume inherent to the formation of hydrogen bonds should be favored by a pressure increase. According to Hoover et al. (Hoover et al., 1989), studies made by Landau in 1967 demonstrated that the induction, transcription, and translation of . coli were inhibited at 27, 68, and more than 68 MPa, respectively, but when pressure was released all processes returned to normal. For protein synthesis, the ribosome-polysome system and the bond from t-RNA to the polysomes have been suggested as the main sites sensible to pressure (Hoover et al., 1989). 

Figure 11-2 Complex response of human cells to sub-lethal levels of nitric oxide. IMR-90 cells (normal, diploid human embryonic lung fibroblasts) were exposed to NO at 280 nM s" for 90 minutes, and then pulse-labeled for a further 90 minutes prior to two-dimensional gel analysis. The protein species listed (by Mr) behaved reprodudbly over several experiments. At least two dififeient control pathways operate in this induction transcriptional activation, as seen with CL-100, a MAP kinase phosphatase, and stabilization of mRNA, as found for HO-1 (see [35] for details). The induction of HO-1 and other activities by NO confers adaptive resistance to NO in rodent motor neurons [40],...

Pig. 3. Representation of promoter sites on the pro-enkephalin gene. The numbers represent the distance in nucleotides from the pro-enkephalin initiation codon the arrow indicates the direction of transcription. The TATA promoter box occurs immediately before the pro-enkephalin initiation site the AP-2 site, which binds immediate-early gene products, is 70 nucleotides upstream, and the CRE site, which binds a regulatory protein involved in cAMP induction of mRNA synthesis, is 107 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon. The expanded section shows that the CRE site actually consists of two elements, ENKCRE-1 and ENKCRE-2, which separately confer cAMP sensitivity to pro-enkephalin mRNA synthesis. 

PMURAR a Transcriptional regulator Inhibition of cell proliferation induction of apoptosis increase in sensitivity against ATRA... 

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a water-insoluble cyclic peptide from a fungus composed of 11 amino acids. CsA binds to its cytosolic receptor cyclophilin. The CsA/cyclophilin complex reduces the activity of the protein phosphatase calcineurin. Inhibition of this enzyme activity interrupts antigen receptor-induced activation and translocation of the transcription factor NEAT to the nucleus which is essential for the induction of cytokine synthesis in T-lymphocytes. 

Honda K, Takaoka A, Taniguchi T (2006) Type I interferon gene induction by Hie interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors. Immunity 25 349-360... 

The human HS cycle can be considered broadly as a period which leads to the dramatic shift in activities of the transcriptional and translational machinery followed by eventual recovery and resumption of original activities preceding stress. Figure 1 depicts many of the key events in the HS cycle for a typical human cell line such as cervical carcinoma-derived HeLa cells. Most cells respond in an identical fashion, but some cell types that have distinctive HS responses. These differences are manifested by shifts in the relative concentrations of accumulated HS proteins and possibly in the pattern of posttranslational modifications. In all cases, however, the cellular stress response is heralded by induction of a specific transcription factor whose DNA binding activity facilitates increased expression of one or more of the stress-inducible genes. 

Holbrook, N.J., Carlson, S.G., Choi, A.M.K., Fargnoli, J. (1992). Induction of hsp70 gene expression by the antiproliferative prostaglandin PGA2 A growth dependent response mediated by activation of heat shock transcription factor. Mol. Cell Biol. 12, 1528-1534. 

The induction of HSPs correlates with the increase of the levels of their transcripts. Liquid hybridisation studies conducted by Schoffl Key (1982) using cloned cDNA probes have revealed that about 20 different species of HSP18 mRNA accumulate to 19 000 copies per cell within two hours of heat... 

---