Hemolytic streptococci

Streptokinase. Streptokinase is a single-chain protein containing 415 amino acids, mol wt of 45,000 to 50,000 (261,284—286). It is produced by P-hemolytic streptococci and is not an enzyme per se. Only after streptokinase combines with plasminogen on a 1 1 basis to form a... 

Streptokinase. The fibrinolytic activity of streptokinase, isolated from strains of hemolytic Streptococci, was first demonstrated in 1933 (63). Streptokinase is a secreted protein product inasmuch as filtrates free of demonstrable bacteria were found to dissolve fibrin clots with rapidity. 

Bacterial agents, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, P-hemolytic streptococci, and Escherichia coli may give rise to pyomyositis, a form of acute suppurative... 

Co-enzyme obtained from cultures of various strains of Streptococcus haemolyticus and capable of changing plasminogen into plasmin (complex enzyme mixture of streptokinase, streptodornase and streptolysin 0"). From fermentation liquors of hemolytic streptococci species Streptococcus haemolyticus), e. g. H 46 A. 

Erysipelas is a superficial infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics. It is distinguished clinically from cellulitis by its well-defined borders and slightly raised lesions. It is usually caused by [1-hemolytic streptococci and treated with penicillin. 

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. S. aureus and P-hemolytic streptococci are the most common causes of acute cellulitis in otherwise healthy hosts. Persons who are immunocompromised, have vascular insufficiency, or use injection drugs are at risk for polymicrobial cellulitis. 

The pathogenesis of diabetic foot infection stems from three key factors neuropathy, angiopathy, and immunopathy. Aerobic gram-positive cocci, such as S. aureus and P-hemolytic streptococci, are the predominant pathogens in acutely infected diabetic foot ulcers. However, chronically infected wounds are subject to polymicrobial infection and require treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. 

Shioiri-Nakano, K. Tadokoro, I. Kudo, M. Instrumental analysis of streptococcal components. I. Carbohydrate and fatty acid constitution of hemolytic streptococci. Jap. J. Exper. Med. 1966,36, 563-576. 

Tracer species a-Hemolytic streptococci E. coli Bacteroides fragilis group... 

Erysipelas (Saint Anthony s fire) is an infection of the superficial layers of the skin and cutaneous lymphatics. The infection is almost always caused by /3-hemolytic streptococci, with S. pyogenes (Group A streptococci) responsible for most infections. 

A metallopeptidase isolated from hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes peptide bonds in plasminogen, producing plasmin. 

When treatment is initiated before definitive culture and sensitivity results are known, consider that these agents are only effective in the treatment of infections caused by pneumococci, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, and penicillin G-resistant and penicillin G-sensitive staphylococci. 

Continue therapy at least 24 to 48 hours after symptoms and fever subside. Treat all infections caused by group A -hemolytic streptococci for at least 10 days. 

Treat Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci infections for at least 10 days. 

Peripheral neuropathy is seen in patients with this syndrome, which may be related to abnormal axonal transport, as a consequence of a defect in microtubules (79). Patients are susceptible to recurrent infections, especially with Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci. 

Mupirocin is not related to any of the sys-temically used antibiotics. It is an inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis and is especially active against gram-positive aerobic bacteria, e.g. methicillin-resistant S. aureus and group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Absorption through the skin is minimal. Intranasal application may be associated with irritation of mucous membranes. 

In fasciitis or necrotizing infections caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci of group A, parenteral high-dose penicillin combined with clindamycin is the treatment of choice. For the treatment of abscesses, antibiotics which are able to kill large quantities of resting bacteria, such as clindamycin and the quinolones, are preferred. 

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is the result of infection with the nephritogenic strain of group A hemolytic streptococci. The streptococci are usually isolated from patients with a sore throat and, in developing countries, skin infection like impetigo or infected scabies is an important cause. There is no specific treatment except for antihypertensives, salt restriction and diuretics. Corticosteroids are of no value. The disease is self-limiting but, in some adults, it may progress to chronic renal failure. 

The clinical uses of penicillin G include endocarditis caused by S. viridans (or Streptococcus hovix), pharyngitis (group A (3-hemolytic streptococci), cat bite cellulitis Pasteurella multocida), and syphilis (Treponema pallidum). 

It is a purified preparation of bacterial protein obtained from (3 hemolytic streptococci. 

The selection of a particular antibiotic depends upon the diagnosis and, when appropriate, in vitro culture and sensitivity studies of clinical samples. The pathogens isolated from most infected dermatoses are group A B-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, or both. The pathogens present in surgical wounds will be those resident in the environment. 

Mupirocin (pseudomonic acid A) is structurally unrelated to other currently available topical antibacterial agents. Most gram-positive aerobic bacteria, including methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), are sensitive to mupirocin (see Chapter 50). It is effective in the treatment of impetigo caused by S aureus and group A -hemolytic streptococci. 

Retapamulin is a semisynthetic pleromutilin derivative effective in the treatment of uncomplicated superficial skin infection caused by group hemolytic streptococci and S aureus, excluding MRSA. Topical retapamulin 1% ointment is indicated for use in adult and pediatric patients, 9 months or older, for the treatment of impetigo. Recommended treatment regimen is twice-daily application for 5 days. Retapamulin is well tolerated with only occasional local irritation of the treatment site. 

Child H influenzae, S aureus, B-hemolytic streptococci Ceftriaxone Ampicillin-sulbactam... 

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