Using streaming potentials

Szymezyk, A. et al., Characterisation of the electrokinetic properties of plane inorganic membranes using streaming potential measurements, J. Membr. Sci., 134, 59. 1997. 

Surface Charge Characteristics of Blood Vessel Walls Using Streaming Potential and Electroosmosis Techniques... 

Fig. 1 Charge inversion for polyelectrolyte multilayers represented as the surface potential dependence on the number of adsorbed layer, N. a Charge inversion as it was obtained by the Kelvin probe for (PDADMAC + PSS) multilayers adsorbed from a NaCl solution of concentration 50 mM onto a flat surface. Adapted from Ref. [80] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry, b Zeta potential of (PSS + PAH)n multilayers deposited onto colloidal microparticles of methylformamide with a positive bare charge. Adapted with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright (1998) American Chemical Society, c Zeta potential changes evaluated using Streaming potential for multilayers built with PSS and PAH, the results are represented as zeta potential against number of measurement. The number of measurements is related to the number of times that each single layer was measured and it shows as accumulative number with the increase of the layer number. Adapted with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright (2000) American Chemical Society...

Streaming potential measurements are to be made using a glass capillary tube and a particular electrolyte solution, for example, O.OIM sodium acetate in water. Discuss whether the streaming potential should or should not vary appreciably with temperature. 

In the past decade adjustments in many of the more subtle variables that affect the feed to a filter ha e begun to be used to control dewatering presses and improve their pertorrnance. These variables allect the perrneabilitv, compressibility, and rheological properties ot the feed and the resulting cake. For example, pll, streaming potential. 

Tranter of Ions Mass transfer of ions in ED is described by many electrochemical equations. The equations used in practice are empirical. If temperature, the flux of individual components, elec-troosmotic effects, streaming potential and other indirect effects are... 

In part II of the present report the nature and molecular characteristics of asphaltene and wax deposits from petroleum crudes are discussed. The field experiences with asphaltene and wax deposition and their related problems are discussed in part III. In order to predict the phenomena of asphaltene deposition one has to consider the use of the molecular thermodynamics of fluid phase equilibria and the theory of colloidal suspensions. In part IV of this report predictive approaches of the behavior of reservoir fluids and asphaltene depositions are reviewed from a fundamental point of view. This includes correlation and prediction of the effects of temperature, pressure, composition and flow characteristics of the miscible gas and crude on (i) Onset of asphaltene deposition (ii) Mechanism of asphaltene flocculation. The in situ precipitation and flocculation of asphaltene is expected to be quite different from the controlled laboratory experiments. This is primarily due to the multiphase flow through the reservoir porous media, streaming potential effects in pipes and conduits, and the interactions of the precipitates and the other in situ material presnet. In part V of the present report the conclusions are stated and the requirements for the development of successful predictive models for the asphaltene deposition and flocculation are discussed. 

Polar Cell Systems for Membrane Transport Studies Direct current electrical measurement in epithelia steady-state and transient analysis, 171, 607 impedance analysis in tight epithelia, 171, 628 electrical impedance analysis of leaky epithelia theory, techniques, and leak artifact problems, 171, 642 patch-clamp experiments in epithelia activation by hormones or neurotransmitters, 171, 663 ionic permeation mechanisms in epithelia biionic potentials, dilution potentials, conductances, and streaming potentials, 171, 678 use of ionophores in epithelia characterizing membrane properties, 171, 715 cultures as epithelial models porous-bottom culture dishes for studying transport and differentiation, 171, 736 volume regulation in epithelia experimental approaches, 171, 744 scanning electrode localization of transport pathways in epithelial tissues, 171, 792. 

FIG. 12.7 Schematic illustrations of the apparatus used to measure (a) electroosmosis and (b) streaming potential. 

Figure 12.7b is a sketch of an apparatus that may be used to measure streaming potential. As was the case with electroosmosis, the capillary can be replaced by a plug of powdered material between perforated electrodes. An applied pressure difference p across the capillary causes the solution to flow through the capillary, thereby tangentially displacing the part of the double layer in the mobile phase from the stationary part. 

Two conditions must be met to justify comparisons between f values determined by different electrokinetic measurements (a) the effects of relaxation and surface conductivity must be either negligible or taken into account and (b) the surface of shear must divide comparable double layers in all cases being compared. This second limitation is really no problem when electroosmosis and streaming potential are compared since, in principle, the same capillary can be used for both experiments. However, obtaining a capillary and a migrating particle wiih identical surfaces may not be as readily accomplished. One means by which particles and capillaries may be compared is to coat both with a layer of adsorbed protein. It is an experimental fact that this procedure levels off differences between substrates The surface characteristics of each are totally determined by the adsorbed protein. This technique also permits the use of microelectrophoresis for proteins since adsorbed and dissolved proteins have been shown to have nearly identical mobilities. 

In on effort to establish the mechanism of coal flotation and thus establish the basis for an anthracite lithotype separation, some physical and chemical parameters for anthracite lithotype differentiation were determined. The electrokinetic properties were determined by streaming potential methods. Results indicated a difference in the characteristics of the lithotypes. Other physical and chemical analyses of the lithotypes were mode to establish parameters for further differentiation. Electron-microprobe x-ray, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescent, infrared, and density analyses were made. Chemical analyses included proximate, ultimate, and sulfur measurements. The classification system used was a modification of the Stopes system for classifying lithotypes for humic coals. 

Here, AP is the applied pressure and is the electrical conductivity of the electrolyte (in Q rn ). Streaming potential measurements are routinely used to characterize the electrical properties of surfaces (e.g. [104]). 

In this paper the problem of stationary flow of two-ionic species electrolyte through random piezoelectric porous media is studied, thus extending our earlier paper [14], where periodicity was assumed. To derive the macroscopic equations we use the method od stochastic two-scale convergence in the mean developed by [4], Solid phase was assumed to be piezoelectric since according to [9] wet bone reveals piezoelectric properties, cf. also [15], We recall that a strong conviction prevails that for electric effects in bone only streaming potentials are responsible. 

Levitt, D.G. (2002) The use of Streaming Potential Measurements to Characterize Biological Ion Channels. Membrane Transport and Renal Physiology, 53-63, Springer, New York. 

An important consequence of (2) is the extension of the Boltzmann distributions to the non-equilibrium case provided (I> is replaced by the relative potential Tp = — ip. Thus, unlike the streaming potential w which only appears at non-equilibrium conditions, the excess Tp plays the role of a potential purely related to electrical double layer effects. Using the above change of variables one can rephrase (1) in terms of cb and Tp as follows... 

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