Stream analysis

Perform periodic process stream analysis for metals content... 

Palen, J. W. and Taborek, J., Solution of Shell-Side Flow Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer by Stream Analysis Method (Heat Transfer Research, Inc., Alhambra, CA), AICHE Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series No. 92, Vol. 65 (1969), pp. 53-63. 

Palen, J.W. and TABORAK, J. Chem. Eng. Prog. Sym. Ser. No. 92, 65 (1969) 53. Solution of shell side flow pressure drop and heat transfer by stream analysis method. 

The complex flow pattern on the shell-side, and the great number of variables involved, make it difficult to predict the shell-side coefficient and pressure drop with complete assurance. In methods used for the design of exchangers prior to about 1960 no attempt was made to account for the leakage and bypass streams. Correlations were based on the total stream flow, and empirical methods were used to account for the performance of real exchangers compared with that for cross flow over ideal tube banks. Typical of these bulk-flow methods are those of Kern (1950) and Donohue (1955). Reliable predictions can only be achieved by comprehensive analysis of the contribution to heat transfer and pressure drop made by the individual streams shown in Figure 12.26. Tinker (1951, 1958) published the first detailed stream-analysis method for predicting shell-side heat-transfer coefficients and pressure drop, and the methods subsequently developed... 

Waste Minimization VIP The waste minimization VIP involves a formal process stream-by-stream analysis to identify ways to eliminate or reduce the generation of wastes or nonuseful streams within the chemical process itself For those streams not eliminated or converted to salable by-products, it provides the method for managing the resulting wastes. This VIP incorporates environmental requirements into the facility design and combines life cycle environmental... 

From these equations, it is seen that the experimental variables in a controlled-current coulometric experiment are current and time, and it is possible to identify the following components of an appropriate apparatus an electrolysis cell, a current source, a method of measuring elapsed time (or a method of measuring coulombs), and a switching arrangement to control experimental variables. Electrochemical experiments using controlled-current methods are widespread and include titrimetry, kinetic studies, process stream analysis, and others (see Chap. 4). 

Clevett, K. J. Handbook of Process Stream Analysis (Wiley, New York, 1986). 

The left-hand side of Fig. 10 describes two techniques to divide the waste generation problem into smaller, comprehensible parts a waste stream analysis and a process analysis. These two analysis techniques are used to help better define the problem as well as to focus energy on the true source of the waste generation problem. The first technique, waste stream analysis, is based on the premise that most waste streams contain a carrier, such as water or air, that drives end-of-pipe treatment costs, and com-pound(s) or contaminants of concern that drive the need to treat the stream. 

The best pollution prevention options cannot be implemented unless these are identified. To uncover the best options, each waste stream analysis should follow four steps ... 

In a sold-out market, a DuPont intermediates process was operating at 56% of peak capacity. The major cause of the rate limitation was identified as poor decanter operation. The decanter recovered a valuable catalyst, and the poor operation was caused by fouling from catalyst solids. Returning the process to high utility required a 20-day shutdown. During the shutdown, the vessel was pumped out and cleaned by water washing. The solids and hydrolyzed catalyst were then drummed and incinerated. A waste stream analysis identified three cost factors the volume of wastewater that had to be treated, the cost of the lost catalyst, and the incineration cost. 

From a few well chosen experiments in an integral reactor of technical dimensions with side-stream analysis both reaction schemes and the effective heat transfer and kinetic parameters of a reaction model for propylene oxidation could be deduced, from which valuable information for both catalyst development and optimization of the reaction conditions could be obtained. 

Therefore, an attempt was made to determine the kinetic reaction scheme and effective heat transfer as well as kinetic parameters from a limited number of experimental results in a single-tube reactor of industrial dimensions with side-stream analysis. The data evaluation was performed with a pseudohomo-geneous two-dimensional continuum model without axial dispersion. The model was tested for its suitability for prediction. 

Dow Chemical must also comply with the feed-stream analysis plan required under the Hazardous Waste Combustor Maximum Achievable Control Technology Standard for incinerators, which is very similar to the site waste analysis plan and describes the information necessary to bum wastes in an incinerator. Dow uses the following approved methodologies to characterize hazardous waste ... 

The E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont) Sabine River Works incinerator characterizes hazardous waste primarily using the facility waste analysis plan, which is required by RCRA the feed stream analysis plan, which is required by the Hazardous Waste Combustor Maximum Achievable Control Technology Standard or LDRs.29 The incinerator also must comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Administra-... 

The analytical protocols used to characterize hazardous wastes are primarily the EPA-approved methodologies found in their publication Test Methods for the Evaluation of Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846. Because these methodologies are a part of the waste analysis plan and the feed-stream analysis plan, they are required by the facility s RCRA permit. In the case of the feedstream analysis plan and the LDRs, adherence is required to meet specific regulatory requirements. Occasionally, DuPont will analyze streams for hazardous constituents or properties other than those required under the permit or regulations in order to address a specific issue (e.g., to determine if the stream can be recycled). Analyses like these should be considered not as an industrial best practice but only as an internal planning aid. 

All product analysis of effluent gas streams was performed by on-line gas chromatography. Two different gas chromatographs were employed, each with heated sample valve connected to the reactor effluent stream. Analysis of light (Ci-C5) hydrocarbons and dimethyl ether was performed by a Varian 1400 GC equipped with flame ionization detector. Separation of the products was accomplished by a 20 column (1/8" O.D.) packed with Porapak Q. Analysis of hydrocarbons in the C5 to... 

Reactor effluent analysis R = 388 Final product analysis R — 583 Waste stream analysis R = 140... 

Example from reduced invertebrate community diversity in one stream to another stream Analysis of Indirect Effects... 

Stream Component Stream Analysis Fraction Total Analysis ... 

The percentage of the total input of each trace metal which was shown to exit with the slag is given in Table IX. This result for the pilot plant is based on analyses of the outgoing streams. The gas stream analysis was obtained at the combustor outlet, which would correspond in a commercial plant to the inlet of the boiler. The gas would, however, be subsequently cleaned in an electrostatic precipitator and the collected particulates recycled to the converter to be turned into the slag in the case of a commercial plant. The estimation for a commercial plant is premised on use of an electrostatic precipitator designed for a commercial plant of which the outlet particulate concentration is 0.1 g/Nm3 dry gas. It is expected that more than 99.7% of the... 

Applications of NMR in process control, although not as popular as FT-IR and NIR, provide an alternative when the latter techniques fail. The advantages of low-field (10-60 MHz) low-resolution NMR in process control applications are its noninvasive nature and the lack of need for calibration procedures with feed or product, as it is tolerant to changes in process environment and feed quality. Process/quality control NMR applications are based on separation of the FID into separate responses from components with different T2S (Fig. 6). Longer in-stream analysis times, high... 

Figure 10(a,b). The marker compound found in water from flooded Spring Creek and two selected homes nearby stream analysis (a) at point H in Figure 1, and home water analysis (b) in House G-B. 

Table III. Cross Section Stream Analysis for the Marker Compound, Spring Creek, 1984...

---