Strain applied

Tanaka, Y. Matsui, T. Konishi, J., et al., Biodesulfurization of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene by a newly isolated Rhodococcus strain. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2002. 59(2-3) pp. 325-328. 

Let us suppose the strain applied at time t0 increases over a time v to a maximum value y. At times less than to — v no strain is applied and at times greater than t0 the strain is constant. This gives the limits to the Boltzmann superposition integral ... 

Ensign, S. A., Hyman, M. R. Arp, D. J. (1992). Cometabolic degradation of chlorinated alkenes by alkene monooxygenase in a propylene-grown Xanthobacter strain. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 3038-46. 

There is a fundamental paradox in the physiology of bone mechanosensa-tion. The paradox (Figure 5) is that the strains applied to whole bone (i.e., tissue level strains) are much smaller (0.04 % to 0.3 %) than the strains (1 %... 

Equations 3.4-3 and 3.4-4 form the molecular theory origins of the Lodge rubberlike liquid constitutive Eq. 3.3-15 (23). For large strains, characteristic of processing flows, the nonlinear relaxation spectrum is used in the memory function, which is the product of the linear spectrum and the damping function h(y), obtained from the stress relaxation melt behavior after a series of strains applied in stepwise fashion (53)... 

Directly from the in situ observations, the multiple film cracking is analyzed through the evolution of the crack density with the longitudinal strain applied to the system. Before any deformation, a representative zone of the sample is chosen. Its total length is 0.55 mm, extended parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sample. This initial length is denoted For any further deformation, it is denoted X(e) and corresponds to ... 

Evolution of the crack density with the longitudinal strain applied to the system, which can be fitted with an empirical law,... 

When controlling the strain applied rather than the stress, a similar analysis can be undertaken to derive the storage modulus G and the loss modulus G", assuming that x = Tocos(ct)f - - (5) and y = yo cos cot, instead of using Eqs. (25) and (26). Such analysis shows that ... 

Joachim J, Kalantzis G, Delonca H, et al. The compression of effervescent aspartame tablets the influence of particle size on the strain applied on the punches during compression [in French]. / Pharm Belg 1987 42 17-28. 

One of the most powerful capabilities of a compaction simulator is to measure in real time the applied force and punch displacement profiles. These profile waveforms can be studied to study the stresses and strains applied over the compaction cycle. These waveforms can be u.sed in part or in their entirety to measure or derive semi-intrinsic... 

From the electrical point of view, therefore, the ozonator appears as a condenser which allows a rather significant amount of energy to pass through. Accordingly, the alternating electrical strains applied to the molecular structures of the dielectrics produce heat through a dissipation of energy, and the dielectrics have to be cooled by conduction or convection. 

Figure 8.65. Raman frequency shift vs. tensile strain applied to carbon fibers. [Adapted, by permission, from Leveque D, Auvray M H, Composites Sci. Technol., 56, No.7,1996, 749-54.]...

Dynamic Mechanical Spectroscopy. As pointed out above, the heterogeneous morphology, observed in the present study, implies network flaws (weak connections between the primary and secondary microgels). However, the low cyclic strains applied in dynamic mechanical tests detect only the effect of the basic network structure and not the network flaws. Therefore, as observed experimentally (, ) dynamic mechanical spectroscopy should not indicate heterogeneity in the samples. 

FIGURE 5.10 Stress relaxation, (a) Strain applied to a material as a function of time t. (b) Resulting stress a for various materials t = relaxation time. 

In practice, interfaces are often subjected to a combination of the deformations mentioned. As in bulk rheology, there are some other variables. First, the response of a material to a force can be elastic or viscous. Elastic response means immediate deformation, where the strain (relative deformation, i.e., tan a. in shear and AA/A in dilatation) is related to the force on release of the force, the strain immediately becomes zero. In viscous deformation, the force causes flow or, more precisely, a strain rate (d tan a/dt or d In Ajdty, this occurs as long as the force lasts, and upon release of the force the strain achieved remains. For most systems, the behavior is viscoelastic. Second, deformation can be fast or slow, and time scales between a microsecond and more than a day may be of importance. Third, the relative deformation (strain) applied can be small—i.e., remain close to the equilibrium situation—or be large. 

Berthold s Chilblain Wash. Bofl for 15 minutes 14 ounces bruised nut-galls In 4 pint water, and strain. Apply to the chilblains 2 or 3 times a day. Tannic acid ffis-solved in glycerine has a very similar effect, but in a neater form for application. 

Yu, S., Jeppsson, H., Hahn-Gaegerdal, B. (1995). Xylulose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and xylose fermenting yeast strains. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 44, 314-320. 

Protection of strawberry blossoms from frost Injury after exposure to a temperature of -3.5 C has been achieved under laboratory conditions when the INA bacteria were challenged individually with several different strains of INA" " bacteria. Similar results were previously reported with both chemically-derived INA and deletion mutant strains of syringae on crops such as corn, pear and tomato (6,, 2 ). The next necessary step is to conduct field efficacy trials. Initially, a single trial will be conducted primarily to evaluate the environmental fate of the Introduced INA" strains. The location and small size of this plot will limit its usefulness as an efficacy trial per se. However, after the environmental fate issue of this release has been evaluated under field conditions, larger trials will allow us to examine the effectiveness of the INA" strains applied to strawberry plants in commercial fields at several locations. Finally, efficacy trials could be expanded to include other major rosaceous fruit crops whose acre2iges are exposed to frost hazards. 

Another interesting form of solution can be obtained from the result (8.25). This equation, we recall, gives the stress component (tI required to excite a strain in the mode i at a frequency o). Suppose instead that we cause a step-function strain ej for this particular deformation mode at time t = 0 and ask what is the stress as a function of time. Dropping the primes and subscripts for simplicity, let Cq be the magnitude of the strain applied at t = o, then its Fourier components are simply... 

These equations are often used in terms of complex variables such as the complex dynamic modulus, E = E + E", where E is called the storage modulus and is related to the amount of energy stored by the viscoelastic sample. E" is termed the loss modulus, which is a measure of the energy dissipated because of the internal friction of the polymer chains, commonly as heat due to the sinusoidal stress or strain applied to the material. The ratio between E lE" is called tan 5 and is a measure of the damping of the material. The Maxwell mechanical model provides a useful representation of the expected behavior of a polymer however, because of the large distribution of molecular weights in the polymer chains, it is necessary to combine several Maxwell elements in parallel to obtain a representation that better approximates the true polymer viscoelastic behavior. Thus, the combination of Maxwell elements in parallel at a fixed strain will produce a time-dependent stress that is the sum of all the elements ... 

For situations where the active site is relatively rigid, all chemical species along the reaction coordinate must bear a close resemblance to one another, so the enzyme has no difficnlty in binding all of than. The strain applied by the active site due to its complementarity to one of the transition states forces the substrate into a conformation toward that transition state where all favorable interactions are finally maximized. 

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