Stored commodities

The urban aspect generally deals with the effect of insects on manmade structures or other facets of human society. This may include the infestation of buildings by arthropod pests (Hall 1990) and the breeding of flies in livestock facilities (Hall 2001). The stored-product facet concerns the infestation of stored commodities by insect pests or domestic invasion of kitchen products by insects. This also encompasses the infestation of food sold by retailers to the public (ibid.). 

The use of draft curtains and automatic heat and smoke vents in sprinklered warehouses is not addressed in NFPA 204M. Fire tests involving various stored commodities using operational sprinkler systems and automatic heat and smoke vents has been limited and inconclusive. 

Some stored commodities, such as toxic liquids, may warrant a special ventilation system and compartmentation of storage to assure that toxic vapors that may be released do not accumulate in an area. 

Emergency Remove stored commodity requiring special handling, particularly... 

Relocate stored commodity not requiring special handling to higher elevation such as upper floor or upper tier of steel storage rack. Sandbag site or warehouse openings. 

Because of the emphasis in this chapter on a review of naval stores utilization, an extensive attribution to primary publications is not appropriate. For in-depth coverage of the facets of utilization, the reader is referred to a new book on the subject (20) and to the somewhat dated 1961 tome of Sandermann (14). Other important publications provide further information on the early history of naval stores (6), the utilization (11) and recovery of tall oil (3), the recovery of sulfate turpentine (4), comparative values of naval stores commodities and chemicals (19), and naval stores statistics (12). 

PHj Fumigant for stored commodities (pesticide) Generated in situ moisture + metal phosphide... 

Select the correct sprinkler system to protect the building from a fire for the commodities stored there. Commodities are classified according to how fast they burn and how much heat they release. Table 5-2 identifies the classification of stored commodities. As an example, plastics bum quickly and produce twice the heat of burning wood. 

Oxygea is a commodity sold either as a gas uader pressure or a very low temperature Hquid close to its boiling poiat. Because of the expease of the coataiaers required, it caimot be stored ia more than modest amounts nor can it be shipped profitably more than a few hundred kilometers. Liquid oxygen storage faciHties are limited to volumes on the order of 4000 m. ... 

The primary use for methyl bromide is in the extermination of insect and rodent pests. Methyl bromide is used in space and stmctural fumigation except in California. The material is suitable for the fumigation of food commodities such as dried fmits, grain, flour, and nuts, and the faciHties in which these foods are processed or stored, as weU as for tobacco and many kinds of nursery stock. The usual dosage is 2—4 kg/28 m for 12—24 h. In soil fumigation methyl bromide controls weed seeds, nematodes, wireworms, and soil fungi. The usual dosage is 0.5—1 kg/9 m for 24 h at 16°C and above (82). 

A rather impressive Hst of materials and products are made from renewable resources. For example, per capita consumption of wood is twice that of all metals combined. The ceUulosic fibers, rayon and cellulose acetate, are among the oldest and stiU relatively popular textile fibers and plastics. Soy and other oilseeds, including the cereals, are refined into important commodities such as starch, protein, oil, and their derivatives. The naval stores, turpentine, pine oil, and resin, are stiU important although their sources are changing from the traditional gum and pine stumps to tall oil recovered from pulping. 

The main gaseous product is the hydrogen. Carbon can be either sequestered or used as a material commodity under less severe CO2 restraints. It can also be used as a reducing agent in metallurgical processes. From the point of view of carbon sequestration, it is easier to separate, handle, transport, and store solid carbon than CO2 [5]. 

Commercial production of food products is conducted in large-scale processing plants. As already mentioned, tomatoes are processed in plants continuously from June to late fall (autumn), 24 h per day, 7 days per week. This is also true of potatoes, wheat, soybeans, corn, and other large-scale commodity crops. Some crops, such as grapes, that might have a relatively short harvest season, may be processed around the clock to generate intermediate products, such as juice or young wine that can be stored for extended periods of time, whereas final products, which can be made from the intermediate products, may be produced over time as consumer demand requires. Final products may also be stored in their final retail or food service containers until demand requires distribution. 

In the OPMBS, a statistical design for the selection of stores from which samples could be collected was developed. This design used key factors including the geographic location of the store, the size of the store, and the population density of the area in which the store was located. In addition, secondary stores were designated. Secondary stores were used when a commodity was not available at the primary store, or the primary store was not accessible. Primary and secondary stores were chosen so that the demographics of the selected stores reflected the overall population. 

The sampling plan for the OPMBS required that no organic or hydroponically grown produce be obtained, that the precise commodity, i.e., head, not leaf lettuce, be collected, and that only two representative single-serving samples of each commodity be collected on a given date by each of 20 shoppers. The plan also specified two back-up (secondary) stores for each primary store and instructed that the collection coordinator be notified if samples could not be collected on the specified date so that the sample collection could be rescheduled. 

The provisions for spacings are based on the commodity stored, pressure, temperature, and fire protection measures afforded to each tank. Each parameter adjusts the minimum requirements. For large tanks and those containing crude oil, heated oil, slop oil or emulsion breading materials additional spacing requirements should be considered. These include the following ... 

Mites are arachnids in the order Acari and should not be classified or referred to as insects. Mites are typically very small (about 0.5 mm) and have oval bodies with little or no differentiation of their two body regions. Over 50 species of mites have been found associated with stored products some feed directly on stored products, but others are predators, feed on fungi, or are parasites of other stored-product pests such as birds or rodents (Boczek, 1991). Mites can be important pests of stored food worldwide, but their economic importance varies considerably with location, commodity, and management practices. Some mite species can cause allergic reactions in... 

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