Storage, safety issues

The liquid phosgene product is sent directly to the downstream process without intermediate storage. Safety issues with storage of phosgene preclude holdup between process units and the high reliability of the phosgene process avoids the necessity for excess inventory [1]. 

Ill order to determine wliat safety questions must be asked, a system checklist that can be used to identify possible safety issues should be created. There arc a number of basic issues that can be included on tlie list, including flamuiabilily, toxicity, storage and reactivity. 

Twin-bed DI often ceases to be economical when TDS levels begin to climb, and it can be subject to bacterial infection and resin fouling. Also, there are cost and safety issues associated with chemical regenerant storage, consumption, and discharge. As a technology, however, DI provides the widest possible versatility. 

The sources of acetylene, nitrous oxide, and sometimes air are usually steel cylinders of the compressed gases purchased from specialty gas or welders gas suppliers. Thus, several compressed gas cylinders are usually found next to atomic absorption instrumentation and the analyst becomes involved in replacing empty cylinders with full ones periodically. Safety issues relating to storage, transportation, and use of these cylinders will be addressed in Section 9.3.7. The acetylene required for atomic absorption is a purer grade of acetylene than that which welders use. 

A critical safety issue of using diesel-ethanol blends relates to flashpoint and flammability. E-diesel blends containing 10-15% ethanol have the vapor pressure and flammability limits of ethanol. This means that ethanol concentrations in enclosed spaces such as fuel storage and vehicle fuel tanks are flammable over the temperature range 13-42 °C. Thus, there are higher risks of fire and explosion than with diesel fuel, or even gasoline. Other vehicle performance-related concerns are (a) a decreased maximum power (b) an increased incidence of fuel pump vapor lock and (c) a reduced fuel pump and fuel injector life due to the decreased lubricity of ethanol. 

Hydrogen storage by compression involves very high pressures in order to achieve a reasonable amount of hydrogen. For example it is necessary to pressurize up to 700 bar to achieve a density of 0.039 kg L 1. Adequate materials and dimensions are needed for the pressure vessels in order to withstand these high pressures, accomplish safety issues and avoid hydrogen diffusion. In practice this... 

Apart from the safety issues normally associated with any chemistry laboratory, there are a number of specific issues associated with explosives and bomb scene examination. An obvious point is the hazards associated with handling and storage of explosives most countries have strict regulations covering this area, and compliance is mandatory. This is not a trivial matter as it is common to receive unknown and unidentified materials, or items that have been subject to physical abuse. 

The terms defined above are perhaps illustrated by using the example of the simple assay which we have mentioned before. The assay in Box 1.3 is laid out in the style of a SOP. This particular section of the operating procedure describes the assay itself but there would also be other sections in the procedure dealing with safety issues, the preparation and storage of the solutions used for extraction and dilution, the glassware required and a specification of the instrumentation to be used. 

In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency started publishing a bulletin entitled Chemical Safety Alert. The intent of these bulletins is to increase awareness of possible hazards. One of the earlier published Alerts that was entitled Catastrophic Failure of Storage Tanks, issued in May 1997. [5] This Alert including the concepts of tank failures of shell to bottom seam or side seam will be reviewed in detail in Chapter 8. However, to highlight recent problems created by maintenance efforts, two paragraphs were quoted from that document and repeated here. 

Front-end planning typically utilizes the expertise of client process people to convey the requirements of the pharmaceutical facility to the design team. With this information in hand the design team begins the facility design incorporating process needs, code requirements, safety issues, material and personnel flow, work-in-process storage, utility needs, and so on, into a first-cut approach. 

Calculation Note. Nuclear Safety Issues when Storing Spent Fuel Assemblies at Gremikha Temporary Storage Facility (2004), RRC Kurchatov Institute, Moscow (in Russian). 

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