Stereotaxic coordinates

Paxinos, G. Watson, C. (1997). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Orlando, FL Academic Press. 

Paxinos, G. and Franklin, K. B. J. (2001). The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. San Diego, CA Academic Press. 

Paxinos G, Watson C. 1986. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. New York Academic Press. 

Luciferin (3 xL of 26.5 mg/mL luciferin solution in NaCl 0.9%) is administered intracerebro-ventricularly (i.c.v.) to anesthetize animals. The injection is carried out according to specific stereotaxic coordinates (bregma, —0.25 mm lateral, 1 mm depth, 2.25 mm) by the use of a Hamilton syringe rotated on the coronal plate about 3° from the orthogonal position. 

DMA in the X- and T-axes to the appropriate stereotaxic coordinates which will be displayed on the digital monitor. 

Stereotaxic coordinates for injection into brain regions other than those listed in Table 17.1 should be calculated from a mouse brain atlas (9). Prior to surgery, use the atlas to determine optimal coordinates for injection in... 

Berman AL (1968) The Brainstem of the Cat. A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas with Stereotaxic Coordinates, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 

The Compact Third Edition of The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates presented revised drawings of 76 coronal sections of the brain. The Fourth Edition includes these coronal diagrams, but in addition presents the fully revised sagittal and horizontal figures and the photographs on which all the diagrams are based. 

When the first edition of The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates was published in 1982, it was the first atlas to be based on the flat-skull position. It offered a choice of bregma, lambda, or the midpoint of the interaural line as the reference point. Although the coordinates were developed from study of adult male Wistar rats with weights ranging from 270 to 310 g, the atlas can be successfully used with male or female rats, with weights ranging from 250 to 350 g (Paxinos etai, 1985). 

In establishing the stereotaxic coordinate system for this atlas we studied sections from over 100 rats. To prepare these sections, we positioned the skull in a standard way (the flat-skull position) and marked the vertical and horizontal planes with needle tracks. We placed anesthetized rats in a Kopf small-animal stereotaxic instrument, and the incisor bar was adjusted until the heights of lambda and bregma were equal. This flat-skull position was achieved when the incisor bar was lowered 3.3 0.4 mm below horizontal zero (Table 1). 

The Brain Blocker Designed taproduce the plane of section of The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (PA 001 David Kopf Instruments, P.O. Box 636, Tujunga, CA 91043). 

TITLE - by clicking on this you can open the written introduction to The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Fourth Edition. 

Paxinos, G. and Watson, C. (1986) The Rat Brain In Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic Press, San Diego. 

The major advantage of the concentric dialysis probe (as compared to U-shaped or transverse probes) is its small diameter. Because of this, the rat brain suffers minimal implantation damage and it is possible to achieve better spatial resolution of sampling of discrete brain regions Furthermore, the vertical implantation of this probe allows concomitant measurement of electrical transmission m the dialyzed field by coimplanted electrodes according to well-defined stereotaxic coordinates. 

Mount the animal on the stereotaxic frame. When the tracer is injected in a superficial structure (i.e., the cortex), this step is chiefly aimed at fixing the head, in order to make the following surgical procedure easier. If you target a deep structure, attention must be paid to choose the proper stereotaxic coordinates and to the correct position of ear and incisor bars [38]. 

Franklin K, Paxinos G (2001) The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 2nd edn. London Academic Press, San Diego... 

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