Stem cells encapsulation

L. Zhao, M. Tang, M.D. Weir, M.S. Detamore, H.H. Xu, Osteogenic media and rhBMP-2-induced differentiation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in alginate microbeads and integrated in an injectable calcium phosphate-chitosan fibrous scaffold. Tissue Eng. A 17 (7-8) (2010) 969-979. 

Kumar, D., Gerges, L, Tamplenizza, M., Lenardi, C., Forsyth, N.R., Liu, Y. Three-dimensional hypoxic culture of human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in a pho-tocurable, biodegradable polymer hydrogel a potential injectable cellular product for nucleus pulposus regeneration. Acta Biomater. 10(8), 3463-3474 (2014)... 

F. (2012) Alginate and alginate/gelatin micro-spheres for human adipose-derived stem cell encapsulation and differentiation. Biofabrication, 4, 025007. 

Next-generation biomaterials should combine bioactive and bioresorbable materials, which mimic the natural function of bone and activate in vivo mechanisms of tissue regeneration. However, to date, an injectable, bioactive, and strong scaffold for stem cell encapsulation and bone engineering is yet to be developed. 

Anderson, S.B., Lin, C.C., Kuntzler, D.V., Anseth, K.S., 2011. The performance of human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in cell-degradable polymer-peptide hydrogels. Biomaterials 32, 3564—3574. 

Maguire et al. (2007) used PLL to coat alginate MCs and evaluated hepatic differentiation from the embryonic stem cells encapsulated into alginate/PLL MCs. It was found that a wide array of hepatocyte-specific markers was expressed by cells differentiated during a 23-day period within alginate/PLL MCs. In addition, spheroid formation was obtained in the MCs by E-cadherin protein-mediated differentiation. 

N. Siti-Ismail, A.E. Bishop, J.M. Polak, and A. Mantalaris, The benefit of human embryonic stem cell encapsulation for prolonged feeder-free maintenance. Biomaterials, 29 (29) 3946-3952, Oct. 2008. 

Another phosphoester-containing and photo-cross-linkable hydrogel was obtained from acrylated PPE-HA, which was synthesized by the conjugation of acrylate groups to the side chains of PPE-HA. Goat mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in the gel maintained their viability when cultured in osteogenic medium for 3 weeks. 

Lam, J., Lu, S., Meretoja, V.V., Tabata, Y, Mikos, A.G., Kasper, F.K., 2014. Generation of osteochondral tissue constructs with chondrogenically and osteogenically predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in bilayered hydrogels. Acta Biomaterialia 10, 1112-1123. 

Encapsulation of Stem Cells and Their Undifferentiated Character. 156... 

To date, cellular and gene therapy products submitted to FDA have included clinical studies indicated for bone marrow marking, cancer, cystic fibrosis, AIDS, and inborn errors of metabolism and infectious diseases. Of the current active INDs approximately 78% have been sponsored by individual investigators or academic institutions and 22% have also been industry sponsored. In addition to the variety of clinical indications the cell types have also been varied. Examples include tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and lymphocyte activated killer (LAK) cells, selected cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes, for example, stem cells, myoblasts, tumor cells and encapsulated cells (e.g., islet cells and adrenal chromaffin cells). 

Baby hamster kidney cells were genetically modified to secrete high levels of human NGF before undergoing polymer encapsulation prior to implantation. Although the therapy showed potential for the treatment of neurological disorders, the emergence of stem cells offered far broader therapeutic scope. 

Today, with the exception of bone marrow for hematopoietic reconstitution, therapeutic cellular transplantation is an emerging technology. In recent years novel approaches in the potential restoration of function through cellular transplantation have included the use of fetal human or xenogeneic neural tissue for Parkinson s disease, ectopically implanted pancreatic islets for diabetes, Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing glia for spinal cord injury, encapsulated chromaffin cells for pain, and various types of stem cells for the treatment of diabetes, cardiac disease, and central nervous system injuries or disease [2], There have also been trials of encapsulated cells to provide enzymes that either remove toxic products or provide activation of prodrugs to therapeutics, usually anticancer derivatives. 

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