Biomaterials next generation

Reddy ST, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA (2006) Targeting dendritic cells with biomaterials developing the next generation of vaccines. Trends Immunol 27 573-579... 

Biomaterial scientists and engineers are currently investigating novel formulations and modifications of existing materials that elicit specific, timely, and desirable responses from surrounding cells and tissues to support the osseointegration of the next generation of orthopedic and dental biomaterials (Ratner, 1992). Enhanced deposition of mineralized matrix at the bone-implant interface provides crucial mechanical stability to implants. Proactive orthopedic and dental biomaterials could consist of novel formulations that selectively enhance osteoblast function (such as adhesion, proliferation and formation of calcium-containing mineral) while, at the same time, minimize other cell (such as fibroblast) functions that may decrease implant efficacy (e.g., fibroblast participation in callus formation and fibrous encapsulation of implants in vivo). 

As the disciplines of cell-tissue engineering and nanophase material science develop and mature, the preceding design criteria will be expanded and refined. Undoubtedly, nanophase ceramics have great potential to become the next generation of choice proactive biomaterials for innovative biotechnology and biomedical applications that could have profound clinical impact. 

Next-generation metallic biomaterials include porous titanium alloys and porous CoCrMo with elastic moduli that more closely mimic that of human bone nickel-titanium alloys with shape-memory properties for dental braces and medical staples rare earth magnets such as the NdFeB family for dental fixatives and titanium alloys or stainless steel coated with hydroxyapatite for improved bioactivity for bone replacement. The corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties of many of these materials still must be optimized for example, the toxicity and carcinogenic nature of nickel released from NiTi alloys is a concern. ... 

The FET device has a high potential for the detection of ions and biomaterials. As described in some examples, the application of the FET as a sensor is expected to be useful for the next generation high-performance, on-chip sensing system. In addition, since the FET sensor enables the miniaturization of the sensor chip itself, it is especially expected to apply the advanced medical care and tailor-made medical diagnosis. Moreover, the combination between nanotechnology and biotechnology will accelerate the fusion of various iudustries such as the semicouductor industry and bioventures. 

The next generation of implantable devices are likely to require biomaterials that are more interactive with tissues, being designed to interact with specific target biomolecules of relevance to the specific application. Although conventional PPy and PTh films have shown adequate biocompatibility for many biomedical applications, their lack of biofunctional activity results in poor cell interactions and limits their potential as an implantable material. 

When electrospun, the resulting scaffolds mimic the structure of extracellular matrix. Thus, further development of these polymers is needed to meet the demands of the next generation of biomaterials and support the advancement of medical devices, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and nanotechnology. 

Endothelialized biomaterials are essential components for the next generation of medical devices. Such artificial supports have become more complex with technical developments, transforming from simple polymer films to fibrous matrices with decreasing fiber-size scale and increasing porosity, designed to closely resemble the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), which supports tissue growth and repair in vivo. 

This chapter will (1) discuss the properties of polymers important for application in medical implants, (2) enumerate key polymers used in today s medical devices, (3) briefly consider the most important devices and applications, (4) address issues and concerns, and finally (5) look to the horizon and polymers that might impact the next generation of medical devices. In a review article of appropriate length for this encyclopedia, each topic is by necessity touched upon as a broad overview. The intent here is to outline the scope of the field and offer perspective on developments and trends. More in-depth articles can be formd in works that exdrrsively focus on biomaterials and medical devices. ... 

D.W. Urry, C.M. Harris, C.X. Luan, C-H. Luan, D.C. Gowda, T.M. Parker, S.Q. Peng, and J. Xu, (1997a) Transductional protein-based polymers as new controlled release vehicles. In K. Park (ed.) Controlled Drug Delivery The Next Generation, Part VI New Biomaterials for Drug Delivery, (pp. 405-437) Am Chem Soc Professional Reference Book. 

LC. Chow, Next generation calcium phosphate-based biomaterials, Dent. Mat. J., 28, 1-10 (2009) K. Ishikawa, Bone substitute fabrication based on dissolution-precipitation reactions, Materials, 3, 1138-1155 (2010). 

Polypeptides represent a class of molecules, which are uniquely qualified to serve as biomaterials. They imdergo self-assembly to form macroscopic stmctures and are s)mthesized from renewable resources. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, identification of new enz)nne sequences and native chemical ligation has advanced the more traditional routes of polypeptide production. Despite the successes outlined above, these techniques have been modest in their production of new biomaterials. Progress in the development of next -generation biomaterials wiU require media and protein engineering as well as combining these methods reviewed above. One of the major limitations in the chemoenz3unatic... 

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