Steel containing lead

In unalloyed steel containers formamide discolors slowly during shipment and storage. Both copper and brass are also subject to corrosion, particularly in the presence of water. Lead is less readily attacked. Aluminum and stainless steel are resistant to attack by formamide and should be used for shipping and storage containers where the color of the product is important or when metallic impurities must be minimized. Formamide attacks natural mbber but not neoprene. As a result of the solvent action of formamide, most protective paints and finishes are unsatisfactory when in contact with formamide. Therefore, formamide is best shipped in containers made of stainless steel or in dmms made of, or coated with, polyethylene. Formamide supphed by BASF is packed in Lupolen dmms (230 kg) or Lupolen canisters (60 kg) both in continental Europe and overseas. 

Metals in contact with or in the proximity of timber can suffer enhanced corrosion attack. Some species of timber, especially oak and Douglas fir, contain high levels of acetic acid. These are volatile and cause corrosion of nearby metals, especially iron, steel and lead alloys. 

An interesting case of ash attack is encountered with valves in engines powered by high octane fuels containing lead compounds. These compounds are deposited from the gases as mixtures of lead oxide, sulphate and bromide, and can cause serious scale-fluxing effects with high-alloy valve steels. 

The reaction of Lead Azide (LA) with Cu (see Table) deserves special comment, Although this reaction is relatively slow, even in the presence of w, some forms of Cu Azide are so sensitive that they create a serious hazard even in minute quantities, particularly when in contact with LA. For this reason, AJ and stainless steel containers are now used exclusively. PicArsn requires that all new fuze designs contain no Cu or Cu alloys, with the possible exception of the electrical system. Even here, the Cu must be coated for protection against the formation of hydrazoic acid. Another prohibition involves the use of Pb thiocyante in contact with A1 (Refs 4, 5 6)... 

Fairly stable in steel containers at 65°C. Stability improves with increasing purity. Attacks tin, magnesium, cadmium plated steel, some aluminums slight attack on copper, brass, lead practically no attack on 1,020 steel, Inconel and K-monel. 

Solid wastes that contain lead are produced primarily as a result of domestic ore production and ammunition use. Other sources include solder, weights and ballasts, bearing metals, and iron and steel production. These sources of lead-contaminated waste are concentrated primarily in landfills. 

Figure 11.1 (a) Scheme of an isoperibol titration calorimetry apparatus A Dewar vessel B lid C stirrer D electrical resistance E thermistor F titrant delivery tube G O-ring seal, (b) Vessel for isothermal operation A stainless-steel, platinum, or tantalum cup B water-tight stainless steel container C heater D Peltier thermoelectric cooler E O-ring seal F heater and cooler leads. Adapted from [211],... 

Exterior surfaces, except for machined surfaces, shall be given at least one coat of the manufacturer s standard paint. The paint shall not contain lead or chromates. Stainless steel parts need not be painted. The undersides of baseplates shall be prepared for grout in accordance with either 3.3.17 or 3.3.18. 

Valves are lubricated through pressure-fed oil as well, both at the guides, and at the rocker arm ends. The old fuels which contained lead, lubricated the valve seat (as well as clogging it and the gas passages) and to a tiny degree lubricated the valve guides. With modern steel or stelite and sodium filled valves, temperatures are not so much of a problem as in the earlier days. 

Iodine is packed and supplied in polyethylene-lined fiber drums or high sihcon iron, Hastelloy B, or lead coated steel containers. Glass, graphite and acid-proof bricks are very suitable for storing iodine and its solutions. 

Silver is employed for low resistance electrical contacts and conductors, and in silver cell batteries. Antimony is used in lead add storage batteries to improve the workability of the lead and lead oxides. Copper and copper alloy wires, connectors, cables, switches, printed drcuit boards, and transistor and rectifier bases are common throughout the industry. Nickel is used in high resistance heating elements, glass-to-metal seals, batteries, and spedalty steels for power generation equipment Household appliances employ stainless and electroplated steel containing nickel. 

Acid flows into the vessel (1) from a pipe ending inside a container constructed of add-resistant steel or lead, in which the tipping vessel is located. The stream of add fills the vessel, and as a determined weight is reached it tips over and another... 

H. Braconnot showed that an alcoholic soln. of nitric acid is often less active than the aq. soln. He said that the alcoholic soln. acts feebly on bismuth, zinc, and copper because of the low solubility of the nitrates of these metals in alcohol and that it does not attack mercury because of the insolubility of the nitrate in alcohol. P. Pascal discussed the action of mixtures of sulphuric and nitric acids on aluminium, steel, and lead. The addition of sulphuric or nitric acid to a manganic salt or manganese dioxide, in the presence of hydrofluoric, phosphoric, or arsenic acid, may convert the whole of the manganese into the corresponding manganic salt. J. Jannek and J. Meyer found that cone, nitric acid distilled with platinum apparatus contains impurities not found when vessels of fused-quartz are employed. G. P. Baxter and F. L. Grover said that if clean, well-seasoned platinum is used, the results are as good as with quartz provided the acid is free from traces of hydrochloric acid. 

The nitrating acid is metered by means of tipping a vessel fixed on a horizontal shaft (Fig la). Acid flows into the vessel (1) from a pipe ending inside a container constructed of acid-resistant steel or lead, in which the tipping vessel is located. The stream of acid fills the vessel, and as a determined weight is reached it tips over and another empty vessel swings into place under the acid inlet pipe. This fills in turn and tips over to pour off its contents, and so the cycle continues. A volume-meter connected to the equipment indicates the volume of liquid... 

In both neutron and y-ray detection, the shielding of the detector is extremely important. Especially in the neutron detection measurements, the long target-to-detector distance (2-4 in) which is required to obtain velocity resolution via the neutron TOF technique means many more neutrons are produced than are actually scattered from the sample and then detected. These extraneous neutrons create a disastrous background unless the detector is adequately shielded. We have accomplished this with a large cylindrical shield which contains a lead cavity surrounded by Li2C03 loaded paraffin. The entrance collimator has steel and lead liners the main detector shield weighs about 2000 kg (see B in Fig. 1). 

Spent removable parts (SRP) imloading from reactor vessels with liquid metal coolant (LMC) was carried out in the period from 1966 to 1990. The unloaded SRP s were assumed to be held in the storage facility for a short period of time to be followed by their shipment for reprocessing. Currently each unloaded SRP is being stored in the clean (non-radioactive), frozen lead-bismuth alloy in special steel containers located inside concrete pits. The storage time has not been specified yet. 

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