Steam analysis

The steam used in the autoclave, if in contact with the product, is free of boiler additives and pipe scale. The team needs to see the written results of the steam analysis and the procedure for testing the final filter. 

Progress in mean of modelisation and inverse problem solving [1] let us hope to dispose soon of these tools for flaws 3D imaging in Non Destructive Control with eddy current sensors. This will achieve a real improvement of the actual methods, mainly based upon signature analysis. But the actual eddy current probes used for steam generators tubes inspection in nuclear industry do not produce the adequate measurements and/or are not modelisable. 

The automatic acquisition and analysis system we developed within the scope of the Super-Phenix steam generator tube inspection by ultrasonic arrays is a remarkable example of an exhaustive acoustic verification system. It works for every type of probe for tube inspection. 

The most popular device for fluoride analysis is the ion-selective electrode (see Electro analytical techniques). Analysis usiag the electrode is rapid and this is especially useful for dilute solutions and water analysis. Because the electrode responds only to free fluoride ion, care must be taken to convert complexed fluoride ions to free fluoride to obtain the total fluoride value (8). The fluoride electrode also can be used as an end poiat detector ia titration of fluoride usiag lanthanum nitrate [10099-59-9]. Often volumetric analysis by titration with thorium nitrate [13823-29-5] or lanthanum nitrate is the method of choice. The fluoride is preferably steam distilled from perchloric or sulfuric acid to prevent iaterference (9,10). Fusion with a sodium carbonate—sodium hydroxide mixture or sodium maybe required if the samples are covalent or iasoluble. 

Pimento Berry Oil. The pimento or allspice tree, Pimenta dioca L. (syn. P. officinalis, Liadl.), a native of the West Indies and Central America, yields two essential oils of commercial importance pimento berry oil and pimenta leaf oil. The leaf oil finds some use ia perfumery for its resemblance to clove leaf and cinnamon leaf oils as a result of its high content of eugenol. Pimento berry oil is an item of commerce with extensive appHcation by the flavor industry ia food products such as meat sauces, sausages, and pickles, and moderate use ia perfumery, where it is used primarily as a modifier ia the modem spicy types of men s fragrances. The oil is steam-distilled from dried, cmshed, fully grown but unripe fmits. It is a pale yellow Hquid with a warm-spicy, sweet odor with a fresh, clean topnote, a tenacious, sweet-balsamic-spicy body, and a tea-like undertone. A comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of ripe pimento berries and a commercial oil has been performed and differences are shown ia Table 52 (95). 

Analytical Techniques. Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate are assayed titrimetricaHy (51). The quantitative analysis of sorbic acid in food or beverages, which may require solvent extraction or steam distillation (52,53), employs various techniques. The two classical methods are both spectrophotometric (54—56). In the ultraviolet method, the prepared sample is acidified and the sorbic acid is measured at 250 260 nm. In the colorimetric method, the sorbic acid in the prepared sample is oxidized and then reacts with thiobarbituric acid the complex is measured at - 530 nm. Chromatographic techniques are also used for the analysis of sorbic acid. High pressure Hquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection is used to separate and quantify sorbic acid from other ultraviolet-absorbing species (57—59). Sorbic acid in food extracts is deterrnined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (60—62). 

Reactant system Analysis, volume %" Pyrolysis Air -1- steam Steam (cychc-air) Steam -1- oil (cychc-air) Oxygen plus steam at pressure... 

A closer analysis of die equilibrium products of the 1 1 mixture of methane and steam shows the presence of hydrocarbons as minor constituents. Experimental results for die coupling reaction show that the yield of hydrocarbons is dependent on the redox properties of the oxide catalyst, and the oxygen potential of the gas phase, as well as die temperamre and total pressure. In any substantial oxygen mole fraction in the gas, the predominant reaction is the formation of CO and the coupling reaction is a minor one. 

As a first step in the driver analysis, the eapital required to make eaeh alternative operational is estimated. An orifiee ehamber is required to reduee the flue gas pressure for the steam turbine and motor alternatives. In this partieular ease, it is assumed that a third-stage separator is required for the power reeovery alternatives only and that an eleetrostatie preeipitator is used in all eases. Construetion and engineering are estimated as pereentages of total direet material and total material and eonstruetion, respeetively. An allowanee of 15% is made for eontingeney. Beeause the separator often ineludes a royalty fee, this item is added to the power reeovery alternates. As shown in Table 4-7, the motor alternative will require the least eapital. The power reeovery alternatives require additional eapital amounting to 4.63 and 4.75 per million respeetively. 

Since competent manufacturers can accurately predict the susceptibility for the formation of the corrosive scale Ni3S2 for any gas analysis, it is possible to implement preventive measures. The preventive measure that is presently being used by Elliott and others is the use of a steam barrier. The principle of the steam barrier design is to inject steam into the inlet and exhaust chambers of the disc/blade area. The injection of steam into both these chambers creates a barrier of... 

In the area of performance, the steam turbine power plants have an efficiency of about 35%, as compared to combined cycle power plants, which have an efficiency of about 55%. Newer Gas Turbine technology will make combined cycle efficiencies range between 60-65%. As a rule of thumb a 1% increase in efficiency could mean that 3.3% more capital can be invested. However one must be careful that the increase in efficiency does not lead to a decrease in availability. From 1996-2000 we have seen a growth in efficiency of about 10% and a loss in availability of about 10%. This trend must be turned around since many analysis show that a 1% drop in the availability needs about 2-3% increase in efficiency to offset that loss. 

Aerothermal analysis This pertains to a detailed thermodynamie analysis of the full power plant and individual eomponents. Models are ereated of individual eomponents, ineluding the gas turbine, steam turbine heat exehangers, and distillation towers. Both the algorithmie and statistieal approaehes are used. Data is presented in a variety of performanee maps, bar eharts, summary eharts, and baseline plots. 

The cost estimate should include provisions for any required satellite boiler water analysis laboratories. The central control lab cannot normally handle analyses of widely spread boilers satisfactorily. The designers, while remembering satellite water laboratory facilities for the utilities area, might overlook similar facilities for the steam generation in the process area. 

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