Status markers

Commercial persistence of authenticity Why are promotional efforts richly imbued with promises of real, authentic experiences and opportunities Social differentiation and status markers for tourists and promoters maintain the commercial use of the term (Silver, 1993). 

Tessitore N, Solero GP, Lippi G, Bassi A, Faccini GB, Bedogna V, et al. The role of iron status markers in predicting response to intravenous iron in haemodialysis patients on maintenance erythropoietin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001 16 1416-23. 

The frequency of impaired immunocompetence and increased incidence of infection in malnourished patients suggests that certain immune function tests can be used as nutrition status markers. Nutrition affects immune stams either directly, affecting primarily the lymphoid system, or indirectly by affecting cellular metabolism or organ systems that are involved with immune system regulation. Immune fimction tests used in nutrition assessment are the total lymphocyte count (TLC) and DCH reactions. Both tests are simple, readily available, and inexpensive. TLC reflects the number of... 

Andersson, K. Method for measurement of cell viability by attaching to cells a status marker such as fluorescent or chemiluminescent mol. or an emitter of radioactive radiation. PCX Int. Appl. WO 2009029039,2009 Chem. Abstr. 2009,150,278173. 

Sevigny JJ, Albert SM, McDermott MP, Schifitto G, McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Conant K, Seines OA, Stern Y, McClernon DR, Palumbo D, Kieburtz K, Riggs G, Cohen B, Marder K, Epstein LG (2007) An evaluation of neurocognitive status and markers of immune activation as predictors of time to death in advanced HIV infection. Arch Neurol 64(1) 97-102... 

YOUNG J F, DRAGSTED L O, HARALDSDOTTIR J, DANESHVAR B, KALL M A, LOFT S, NILSSON L, NIELSEN S E, MAYER B, SKIBSTED L H, HUYNH-BA T, HERMETTER A and SANDSTROM B (2002) Green tea extract only affects markers of oxidative status postprandially lasting antioxidant effect of flavonoid-free diet, Brit J Nutr, 87, 343-55. 

Neuronal markers expressed only in mature cells (e.g. OMP), help in the estimation of the relative status of peripheral or central cells, and of transient versus completed stages (Rogers, 1987 Baker, 1988 Johnson, 1993 Shapiro, 1997). The identity or otherwise of glycoproteins with receptor sites will be required before changes in structural characteristics can be related to functional morphogenesis. 

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a useful marker for detecting prostate cancer at early stages, predicting outcome for localized disease, defining disease-free status, and monitoring response to... 

Merlini P. A., Ardissino D. Current status of activation markers in ischemic heart disease Markers of coagulation activation. Thromb Haemost 1997 78,276-9. 

Aziz, K. J. Tumor markers Current status and future applications. Scand Clin. Lab. Invest. 55, 153-155(1995). 

Wilkinson indicates that he considers social cohesiveness to be an epiphe-nomenon. The evidence shows that where income differences are greater, violence tends to be more common, people are less likely to trust each other, and social relations are less cohesive. However, the impression that social cohesion is beneficial to health may be less a result of its direct effects, and more of a marker for the underlying psychological pain of low social status . He believes that the biological causal pathways are Likely to center on the influence that the quality of social relations has on neuroendocrine pathways (Wilkinson, 1999, p. 48). 

In order to test this, Kelly et al. (1997) point out that we need a set of biological markers thought to be sensitive to long-term systematic differences in socioeconomic status and living conditions, and these markers must be feasible to measure in large population surveys, so their role in the biological embedding process can be evaluated on a population-based, person-specific basis. 

Fig. 6.2 Hypothetical example of bimodal distribution according to a marker that indicates non-responder" or responder status. Note that in both cases a distribution is present, with overlaps, thus, the categorization into responders or non-responders based on the marker must be understood to convey only the probability to belong to one or the other group.

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