Activation Markers

Merlini P. A., Ardissino D. Current status of activation markers in ischemic heart disease Markers of coagulation activation. Thromb Haemost 1997 78,276-9. 

FIGURE 7.4 (A) Donor CD4+T cell proliferation, as reflected by dilution of the fluorescence associated with CFSE, is not altered by TCDD exposure. Changes in expression ofT cell activation markers (B) CD62L and (C) CD25, are induced by TCDD exposure and are dependent on cell division. Data represent donor CD4+ T cells responding to alloantigen in F1 hosts 48 hours after adoptive transfer. F1 host mice were treated with vehicle or TCDD one day prior to injection of CFSE-labeled donorT cells. Adapted from Funatake et al., 2005. 

Constituents that have some known pharmacological activity that contributes to some extent to the efficacy of the product have been identified. These are known as active markers. An example of this category is alliin, which is converted to allicin in presence of allinase enzyme, and is present in garlic. These active markers may or may not have clinically proven efficacy in their own right. A minimum content or range for active markers is usually specified in pharmacopeial articles. A quantitative determination of active marker(s) during... 

Where neither defined active principles nor active markers are known, certain constituents of the botanical raw material and their extracts are chosen as candidates for quantitative determination. These markers aid in the positive identification of the article to be tested. In addition, maintaining a minimum content or a specified range of the analytical markers helps achieve standardization of the plant extract and arrive at suitable expiration date during stability studies. 

Panossian A, Davtyan T, Gukassyan N, Gukasova G, Mamikonyan G, Gabrielian E, Wikman G. (2002) Effect of andrographolide and Kan Jang-fixed combination of extract SHA-10 and extract SHE-3 on proliferation of human lymphocytes, production of cytokines and immune activation markers in the whole blood cells culture. Phytomedicine 9 598-605. 

Activation marker Activation markers are proteins that come and go on the surface of cells in response to stimulation. As such, they provide functional information about the physiological state of the cell. They also provide flow cytometrists with a reason to be concerned about instrument stability, sensitivity, and standardization. 

Numerous observational studies have found that vitamin C may decrease LDL cholesterol and elevate HDL (50). Some studies found an inverse association between serum vitamin C concentration and coagulation factor or coagulation activation markers (51). 

Keatings VM, Barnes PJ. Granulocyte activation markers in induced sputum Comparison between chronic obstructive pul- 31. monary disease, asthma and normal subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. 

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