Neuronal marker

Early neuronal damage detected by immunohistochemistry has been confirmed by brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) analysis of the neuronal marker N-acetylaspartate (NAA) (commonly expressed as an NAA/creatine ratio NAA/ Cr) in the acute and chronic phases of infection in SIV-infected macaques (Fuller et al. 2004 Greco et al. 2004 Lentz et al. 2005 Lentz et al. 2008 Williams et al. 2005). In a macaque model involving CD8h- T lymphocyte depletion along with SIV inoculation, Williams et al. (2005) demonstrated a reduction in NAA/Cr in the... 

Neuronal markers expressed only in mature cells (e.g. OMP), help in the estimation of the relative status of peripheral or central cells, and of transient versus completed stages (Rogers, 1987 Baker, 1988 Johnson, 1993 Shapiro, 1997). The identity or otherwise of glycoproteins with receptor sites will be required before changes in structural characteristics can be related to functional morphogenesis. 

Table 7.2 Long-Term Effects of MDMA on 5-HT Neuronal Markers in Rats...

There is an emerging literature in MRS in adults with BD, with reports of decreases in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of neuronal marker NAA (Winsberg et al., 2000) and abnormalities in phopholipid metabolism (Kato et ah, 1995, 1998 Hamakawa et ah, 1999). There is preliminary work to suggest that cortical GABA levels and glutamate turnover are decreased in unipolar depression in adults, but these abnormalities may not be present in bipolar depression (Sanacora et al., 1999, Mason et al., 2000). 

We then evaluated the neuronal cell loss on sections stained for the neuronal marker NeuN. Staining revealed a marked reduction of NeuN+ cells in CA1 starting from day 4 that persisted at later time-points (Fig. 4). Some patchy cell loss was seen also in CA2, CA3, and CA4 (arrows in Fig. 4), while DG and subiculum did not exhibit cell loss. Statistical analysis of the number of NeuN+ cells in frames placed in proximal, middle, and distal CA1 demonstrated a significant reduction of positive cells in all postischemic monkeys (Fig. 5, left column). Despite some reduction of... 

Table 4 Percentages of colabeling of BrdU with mature neuronal markers in DG. BrdU+ cells were sampled for colabeling with either NeuN or GAD as described in the text...

Fig. 14A-E Double-staining for BrdU and mature neuronal markers in DGL. A In control monkey DGL BrdU+ cells (arrows) were distinct from NeuN+ cells. B On day 9 after ischemia BrdU+/NeuN+ cells (arrows) were observed in the innermost layers of granule cells. C BrdU+/NeuN+ cells were seen up to day 79 (arrows). D The cell framed in C is shown in serial sectioning at various depths to confirm the colocalization of the two signals. E An example of cell double-stained for BrdU/GAD (arrows) on day 79. Scale bar = 10 pm...

Unlike the situation in DG, in CA none of the BrdU+ cells coexpressed the neuronal markers /3111-tubulin (Fig. 23C) or NeuN (Fig. 23D) at any time-point or in any monkey group. A single BrdU+/Hu+ cell in postischemic CA4 was observed (Fig. 23E) suggesting a possibility for a very low level of neurogenesis in that sector. 

Previous studies have reported the generation of neurons in frontal cortex and striatum of normal adult monkeys (Gould et al. 2001 Bedard et al. 2002). We therefore searched for evidence of de novo generation of cells with a neuronal immunophenotype in the striatum and frontal cortex of postischemic monkeys. We first performed double-staining for BrdU and the mature neuronal marker... 

The efficacy of the spin trapping agent PBN and the antioxidant vitamin E was tested to suppress increase in NO and hpid peroxidation and prevent neurodegeneration of pyramidal neurons in the CAl hippocampal area in the model of KA-induced excitotoxicity. Vitamin E or PBN alone did not alter basal citrulline and F4-NeuroPs levels or dendritic arborization. However, vitamin E and PBN suppressed KA-induced increases in citrulline and cerebral and neuronal markers of oxidative damage, p2-IsoPs and F4-NeuroPs, respectively (Figures 42.8 and 42.9). 

Seki T (2002) Expression patterns of immature neuronal markers PSA-NCAM, CRMP4 and NenroD in the hippocampus of young adult and aged rodents. J Nenrosci Res 70 327-334. 

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