Statistics incident rate

End-of-pipe measures continue to be vitally important. The largest PSM and ESH management costs are accident and incident related. If you reduce the costs of managing PSM and ESH, yet accident and incident rates rise beyond any normal statistical variation, the new system is costing the company more. Near misses are a leading indicator for accidents and incidents and should not be neglected. 

Recognizing that the chemical industry is safe, why is there so much concern about chemical plant safety The concern has to do with the industry s potential for many deaths, as, for example, in the Bhopal, India, tragedy. Accident statistics do not include information on the total number of deaths from a single incident. Accident statistics can be somewhat misleading in this respect. For example, consider two separate chemical plants. Both plants have a probability of explosion and complete devastation once every 1000 years. The first plant employs a single operator. When the plant explodes, the operator is the sole fatality. The second plant employs 10 operators. When this plant explodes all 10 operators succumb. In both cases the FAR and OSHA incidence rate are the same the second accident kills more people, but there are a correspondingly larger number of exposed hours. In both cases the risk taken by an individual operator is the same.4... 

The statistic X2/T will be large when there is evidence of a dose-related increase or decrease in the tumor incidence rates, and small when there is little difference in the tumor incidence between groups or when group differences are not dose related. Under the null hypothesis of no differences between groups, X2lT has approximately a chi-squared distribution with one degree of freedom. 

The results of the CSB incident data analysis are acknowledged as representing only a sampling of recent reactive incident data. This limitation precludes CSB from drawing statistical conclusions on incidence rates or inferring trends in the number or severity of incidents. However, despite these limitations, the data can be used to illustrate the profile and causes of reactive incidents. 

Table 5.1 provides 2005 statistics from the American Cancer Society on new cases, not deaths, for the cancers that occur most frequently. Cancer incidence rates vary by race and gender in about the same way that death rates vary. 

The incidence rates for various cancers can be derived from the data in Table 5.1 and other information, and expressed as lifetime probabilities, or risks. Thus, for example, these statistics tell us that, if incidence rates remain as they are now, then a male born today has a 50% risk of developing cancer over his lifetime, and a female has a... 

Osborne-Mendel rats were fed technical-grade heptachlor (73%) males received TWA doses of 1.94 and 3.9 mg/kg/day and females received TWA doses of 1.28 and 2.56 mg/kg/day for 80 weeks (NCI 1977). The results of this study showed a statistically significant increase in follicular cell neoplasms in the thyroid (adenomas and carcinomas) in females fed the high dose compared to controls. This finding was discounted by the investigators, however, because the incidence rates were low and are known to be variable in the control rat population. Rates of tumor incidences in males were not increased. 

The Safety Council studies show that the Chemical Manufacturing Industries are among the top four safest performers when rating 40 plus principal industries in terms of Loss of Time Injuries. This trend is not just for 1995, but for at least 15 years since 1 started reviewing them in the early 1980s. The National Safety Council reported that, in 1995, the chemical industry had an incident rate of 0.48. This statistic means diat if a group of 1,000 chemical workers worked 40 hours a week for a year (or 2,0(X) hours... 

Statistical analysis is performed on all parameters in the study. Its most fundamental objective is to determine whether administration of the test agent results in an increase in tumor incidence rates as compared to those in unexposed controls. Various statistical methods can be used. Tests for increased tumor occurrence rates between dosages may be based on pair-wise comparisons, such as the Chi-square test for 2x2 tables, the Fisher s exact test, or the Cochan-Armitage test. These tests are most appropriate when survival rates do not differ appreciably in the various dose groups. 

Cancer incidence rates are reported annually by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In 2002, the latest year for which statistics are available, the four most prevalent cancers worldwide are... 

Figure 119.5 Incidence rates of overt hyperthyroidism before and after iodine fortification (IF) of salt. The incidence rate of hyperthyroidism in Aalborg (moderate ID) and Copenhagen (mild ID) before and after the first 6 years of IF of salt. Basic is the time before IF of salt (1997-1998), 1999-2000 is the period of voluntary IF, 2001-2002 is the early, and 2003-2004 is the late period of mandatory IF. The incidence of hyperthyroidism increased significantly in both subcohorts during the study period. In Aalborg, the increase was more pronounced and came before the increase in Copenhagen. Aalborg baseline vs. voluntary IF, P< 0.001 voluntary IF vs. early mandatory IF, P s 0.001 early vs. late mandatory IF, ns. Copenhagen baseline vs. voluntary IF, ns voluntary IF vs. early mandatory IF, P s 0.001 early vs. late mandatory IF, ns. Statistical significance compared with baseline, P < 0.05 P s 0.01 P s 0.001. Data from Pedersen et al., (2006).

Recent World Health Organization (WHO) statistics estimate the following worldwide incidence rates of illicit drug abuse [35]. 

Then we compute incidence rates for Occupational Illness, Lost Workday Cases and Lost Workdays and compare these rates with the rates published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for workers in chemical and allied product manufacturing. 

Summary of Changes in 5-year Relative Survival Rates Based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program Incidence Rates and National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Death Rates for 1973-1997... 

Reproductive Effects. Compared with the control population from the National Center for Health Statistics 1979 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), the incidence rates of unspecified ovarian and uterine disease were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in women who were exposed to chlordane vapors in their homes (Menconi et al. 1988). Because the case report and the epidemiological study have several limitations, it is doubtful that the reported lesions and diseases are treatment-related. 

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