State and local government

The network of regulatory and administrative agencies that has evolved in the United States involves some duplication of federal functions at the state level. Likewise, municipal departments, which provide for the daily maintenance of public services, often have responsibilities similar to those of state agencies. Such myriad state and local agencies provide even more potential opportunities for chemical employment than the federal government. But investigation of the number of chemists in these sectors of government is hampered by the 

On the turn to contract research and the organization of the government s wartime scientific research in general, see III, U.S. Congress, 1945 III, Stewart, 1945 III, Kevles, 1978, 287-301 and III, Pursell, 1979. The ACS survey is reported in IB, Utilization , 1947. By 1973, some 118000 scientists and engineers were involved in industrial research and development using federal funds, compared to 48 000 engaged in federal intramural research and development (lA, NSB, 1975,126, 212, Table 4-4). 

Changes in classification schemes for federal workers exacerbate the problem of comparing the number of government chemists with other occupational groups in federal service over time. 

On the scientific activities sponsored by state governments, see III, Cleaveland, 1959. On the coordination of federal, state, and local work in agricultural research, see III, Ball, 1938. 

Agriculture and public health were the primary concerns of state chemists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A similar situation prevailed at the local level. As one participant aptly commented, municipal chemical work was divided into the two categories of protecting the city s purse, and. . . protecting the city s health . The municipal chemist inspected foodstuffs and milk for adulteration, maintained the quality of public water supplies, and supervised sewage disposal processes - functions essential to 

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for protection of human health and welfare. These standards are defined in terms of concentration and hme span for a specific pollutant for example, the NAAQS for carbon monoxide is 9 ppmV for 8 hr, not to be exceeded more than once per year. For a state or local government to establish compliance with a National Ambient Air Quality Standard, measurements of the actual air quality must be made. To obtain these measurements, state and local governments have established stationary monitoring networks with instrumentation complying with federal specifications, as discussed in Chapter 14. The results of these measurements determine whether a given location is violating the air quality standard. 

The control and regulation of indoor air quality are influenced by individual property rights and a complicated mosaic of federal, state, and local government jurisdiction with conflicts, overlaps, and gaps in addressing these issues. Table 23-3 shows a large number of agencies and departments involved in indoor air quality control efforts at the federal level. 

Individuals Consumer and health professionals Manufacturers Building owners and managers Builders and architects State and local governments Federal government... 

Enforcement legal methods used by EPA, state, and local governments to make polluters obey the Clean Air Act. In the absence of enforcement, citizens can sue EPA or the states to obtain action, and can also sue violating sources apart from any action EPA or state or local governments have taken. 

Also keep in mind that most asbestos abatement is closely monitored by state and local governments. Although OSHA has jurisdiction, the states and local regulators typically keep a watchful eye over ACM activities. 

The Agency s mission is to control and abate pollution in the areas of air, water, solid waste, pesticides, radiation, and toxic substances. The EPA coordinates and supports research and anti-pollution activities by state and local governments, private and public groups, individuals, and educational institutions. 

In addition to specific deductions and credits, the Tax Code permits state and local governments to issue bonds on which the interest is exempt from federal income tax. This provision means that states and local governments can borrow at interest rates below those paid by private corporations. Municipally owned electricity providers often can issue tax-exempt debt the lower interest rate may have the effect of increasing the provision of electricity by these entities. 

As mentioned above, state and local governments can boiTow at relatively low interest rates by issuing tax-exempt debt, and this finance technique is used to a gi eat extent in highway and road construction. By reducing the cost of road construction, tax-exempt debt may increase the amount of construction undertaken, thereby increasing the demand for fuels. 

The national templates have been accepted by the major SDOs and CDOs in the United States, the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership, key industry associations, and many state and local governments as the guideposts for the coordinated development of standards and model codes. All of the relevant major SDOs and CDOs in the United States are part of this national effort the ANSI, ASME, American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM),... 

Firms that have signed onto the EPA program, include the Fortune 500 as well as federal, state and local governments. Schools and universities are also included. 

Set national policy and establish guidelines for state and local governments... 

Note that the information developed for these regulations is to be protected from public disclosure but may be shared, at the secretary s discretion, with state and local government officials, including law enforcement officials and first responders possessing the necessary security clearances. Such shared information may not be... 

Abbott, E.B. and Hetzel, O.J. A Legal Guide to Homeland Security and Emergency Management for State and Local Governments, American Bar Association, 2005. 

R. J. Rockwell, Jr. and J. Parkinson, State and local government laser safety requirements, J. Laser Appl., 11,... 

Who is responsible for taking action Federal, state, and local government... 

Forensic toxicologists are generally employed by federal, state, and local government crime laboratories, which may be affiliated with the medical examiner s office from which they receive fluids and tissues for analysis. They often work on criminal cases and usually testify for the office of the district attorney, the prosecutor. Forensic toxicologists may also be involved in drug testing in... 

The term employer in the ADA refers to private employers, employment agencies, state and local governments, and labor organizations. Covered employers do not include the United... 

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