Starch amino derivatives

Wolfrom, M L, Chakravarty, P, Horton, D, Amino derivatives of starches. 2,6-Diamino-2,6-dideoxy-D-mannose dihydrochloride, J. Org. Chem., 30, 2728-2731, 1965. 

Amino Derivatives of Starches. Derivatives of 3,6-Diamino-3,6-dideoxy-D-altrose, M. L. Wolfrom, Yen-Lung Hung, and Derek Horton, /. Org. Chem., 30, 3394-3400 (1965). 

Lassaigne s test is obviously a test also for carbon in the presence of nitrogen. It can be used therefore to detect nitrogen in carbon-free inorganic compounds, e.g., complex nitrites, amino-sulphonic acid derivatives, etc., but such compounds must before fusion with sodium be mixed with some non-volatile nitrogen-free organic compound such as starch... 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

Growth can be defined as the production of organic matter by increase in size or volume. This process involves the uptake of water, carbon dioxide and minerals. In plants, growth is made possible by the process of photosynthesis, which produces the sugars (as primary components) from which compounds such as starch, cellulose, amino acids and proteins are derived. 

Starch is the most widely used dry strength additive and is normally made in a cationic form by introducing a reactive monomeric or polymeric tertiary amine or quaternary ammonium derivative into the molecule. The most commonly used reagent for tertiary amino starch is 2-chloroethyldiethylammonium chloride, and for quaternary starch is 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (Figure 7.10). 

The reaction proceeded through nucleophilic displacement of chloride and a starch ether was formed. The ether derivative was quaternized and made cationic by addition of a mineral acid. Teriary amino starches so made are used predominantly at acidic pH where the charge remains maximum. As neutral pH is approached, the charge is diminished until at weakly alkaline pH the charge is lost. 

Mention has already been made of two polymers that can be obtained naturally from living animals silk (from the silkworm) and wool (from sheep). They are proteins made of various amino acids both are used in textiles. Other biologically derived polymers are also familiar such as wood, starch, and some sugars. We will not cover these in detail here. However, certain cellulosics we will discuss briefly since they are compared to synthetic fibers later. Cellulose is the primary substance of which the walls of vegetable cells are constructed and is largely composed of glucose residues. It may be obtained from wood or derived in very high purity from cotton fibers, which are about 92% pure cellulose. 

Chlorine spray is used to identify peptides and amino acid derivatives. [231 A blue color is given by almost all compounds that contain NH groups. Alcohols and acids interfere with the test and should be removed prior to application of the spray. The test fails when dioxane is used to develop the plate or when certain fluorescent indicators are present. Several protocols have been described for this test.14 These protocols vary in the reagents that are used to generate the reactive chlorine and the iodine-starch reagent that is used for visualization. 

To detect peptides and amino acid derivatives using the chlorine peptide spray the following procedure is carried out. Solution I (1% tert-butyl hypochlorite in cyclohexane) and solution II (1% soluble starch and 1% KI in water) are prepared. To prepare solution II starch is dissolved in boiling water first and potassium iodide is added to the cold solution. A small amount of chloroform is added to inhibit bacterial growth. 

By market volume the most important flavour molecule is L-glutamic acid. In 2004, the worldwide annual MSG production was estimated to be amount 1,500,0001 [21]. The amino acid is extensively used as taste enhancer, frequently in conjunction with nucleotides, a flavour impression which is also referred to as umamf, a term derived from the Japanese meaning deliciousness or a savoury or palatable taste. MSG is manufactured by aerobic cultivation of Coryne-bacterium glutamicum on starch hydrolysates or molasses media in large-scale bioreactors (up to 500 m ). Production strains with modified metabolic flux profiles and highly permeable cell walls for an improved product secretion are... 

Further derivation of this starch polymer with amino acids, peptides or protein followed, in order to further enhance the base material for the task of flavor encapsulation. 

Viability of Starch Derivatives as Flavoring Encapsulants. The capillary GC vapor phase flux term (defined by a percent external standard or ZEStD flux) previously described (34) was used to screen starch derivatives (oxidized, dextrinized and/or covalent amino acid linkage) as to their flavor encapsulation potential. The samples were prepared as previously described (34) with the exception of an added reduced pressure deaeration step, thus allowing the use of the headspace diffusivity versus retention standard curves to predict volatile lemon oil retention following spray drying. 

Covalent linkage of amino acid, peptide or protein moieties onto the hydrolyzed and/or oxidized polymers (Control and Oxidized starches) was examined for its ability to improve the potential for microregion lipophilicity within the carbohydrate polymer. Proteinaceous materials are often strongly surface active (39) and may, if carefully selected, contribute positively to wall material characteristics. This selection process was carried-out using maltodextrins (DE 10 and/or 25) as the carbohydrate framework and various amino acid-derived materials as the function-altering accessory, ranging from gelatin and casein proteins to simple amino acids. 

Amino sugar derivatives, Morgan-Elson detection method, 656-659 a-Amylase degradation, 716 in plant cell wall isolation, 706 in total starch determination, 685... 

During the 1980s, advances in fermentation technology allowed the economic production of a number of amino acids from starch hydrolyzates. Examples are lysine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine and cysteine. Starch-derived amino acids are generally used as animal nutrition supplements, enabling animal nutritionists to formulate... 

Several reactions can cause color development in starch-derived sweeteners. Because they contain reducing sugars, they will react with proteins and amino acids... 

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