Standards of conduct

Consideration was also given to the publication of GLP guidelines rather than regulations. While this would have provided the testing facilities with standards of conduct, it would not have given the agency an enforcement mechanism to ensure that the standards were met. 

Webster s Dictionary defines a standard as something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example and states that standard applies to any definite rule, principle, or measure established by authority (standards of behavior) (Webster s, 2003). From a contemporary managerial perspective, standards of conduct for a pharmacist and for the operation of a pharmacy are derived both from laws and from professional standards or values. Standards for professional conduct and the operation of a pharmacy, whether stated formally in statutes and regulations or present in professional codes of ethics, are important for managers to understand and apply. Violations of these standards can affect the licensure status of a pharmacy practice site and/or its pharmacists, may result in litigation if a patient is harmed subsequent to a violation, and in the most serious cases can result in criminal prosecution. Both criminal prosecution and civil liability resulted in the case of Robert Courtney, the pharmacist discussed in the scenario. Courtney was sentenced to 30 years in prison, fined 25,000, and ordered to pay 10.4 million in restitution to the patients and families affected. These penalties were in addition to the civil judgment of 2.2 billion (Stafford, 2002). 

The law holds every individual to a reasonable standard of conduct, and failure to exercise reasonable care creates liability if it results in harm to others. Accordingly, negligence may be defined as the omission to do something which a reasonable person, guided by those ordinary considerations which ordinarily regulate hmnan af irs, would do, or the doing of something which a reasonable and prudent person would not do. ... 

For each of these due care requirements, optometrists must satisfy reasonable standards of conduct. Also, because the use of ophthalmic drugs is essentially a medical act, ophthalmologists may be competent to state the standard of care expected of optometrists under these circumstances. 

FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides The 1985 International Code of Conduct, amended in 1989, was developed to address the use of pesticides in developing countries until the countries have established regulatory infrastructures for pesticides. The Code sets forth responsibilities and establishes voluntary standards of conduct for public and private entities engaged in or affecting the distribution and use of pesticides. The Code specifically addresses Labeling, packaging, storage and disposal of pesticides. 

The aim of the IPHA code is to secure acceptance of high standards of conduct in the marketing of medicines. It emphasises the importance of providing healthcare professionals with accurate, fair and objective information about medicinal products, so that rational decisions can be made as to their use. 

International standards of conduct regarding business dealings, child labor... 

To ensure that the business of WHO is conducted effectively, and without improper infiuence, all staff members must be persons of integrity and observe the highest standards of conduct. 

In curriculum such activities must be included, which help in preserving and transmitting the traditions knowledge and standards of conduct on which our civilisation depends. 

Few would argue that it has been (and still is) necessary for government to establish standards of conduct to protect the public from abuses of the less scrupulous operators of businesses. However, government and special interest groups sometimes feel that standards considered too stringent by industry person-... 

The second definition of ethics relates to conduct— modelers should conform to professional standards of conduct. Obviously one code of conduct to which modelers should conform to are the norms related to responsibilities becoming a scientist. All scientists have a duty to ensure their work serves desirable ends (Shrader-Frechette, 1994). Hence, as a scientist one must strive to not harm the public, research subjects, democratic institutions, and the environment. To those ends, the foremost ethical goal in science is to not deceive, inveigle, or obfuscate the results of our research nor should others be allowed to do so. In other words, scientists must not commit fraud and neither should others be allowed to use our research to commit fraud. 

The third meaning, the one we are concerned with in this chapter, is professional ethics. Professional ethics is the special rules of conduct adhered to by those engaged in pursuits ordinarily called professions, such as law, medicine, engineering, and science. Professional ethics is specific. Legal ethics applies only to lawyers (and no one else) scientific ethics applies only to scientists. Professional ethics governs the interactions among professionals and between professionals and society. In many cases, it requires a higher standard of conduct than is expected of ordinary people, but it must be consistent with ordinary morality and with appropriate moral theories. 

F. Adhering to an Accepted Standard of Conduct, Which Is an Absolute Requirement of a Socially Recognized Profession... 

These two statements have to do with ethics, also called moral philosophy, which is derived from the Greek ethika, meaning character. Thus, ethics deals with standards of conduct or morals. Unfortunately, there are no universal standards only the ethics of Western civilization are considered in detail here. There is a movement toward the development of global ethics, which is described briefly at the end of this section. 

Rarely do you have as black and white a situation as implied by the two extremes in the preceding paragraph. No one is so careful that they avoid taking any risks, nor is any one totally unconcerned about their own safety. The goal should be to avoid taking unreasonable risks, and it is the responsibility of laboratory managers to establish, by policy and example, reasonable standards of conduct to ensure that this goal is met. 

Another reason is the law. Different societies use different standards for right and wrong. Societies set standards of conduct through laws and regulations. This reason for safety derives from the first. Laws define a society s moral code. The laws protect the safety, health, and welfare of individuals, property, and the environment. 

Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. webpage tide The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA) Standards of Conduct http //www.dol.gov/esa/regs/compUance/olms/complcsra. htm... 

The Factories Act lays down more specific statutory requirements which impose a minimum but absolute standard of conduct on the employer. 

Ethics is the standards of conduct that indicate how one should behave and act. The standards are derived from the community s values, norms, and principles (Valparaiso 2011). 

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