Liability civil

Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Caused During Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland Navigation Vessels UNECE)... 

There have been a wider variety of cases at all levels dealing with the regulation of firearms and, more recently, with civil liability of firearm manufacturers or dealers. However, because there are so many constitutional and civil issues involved in gun control litigation, the following list breaks down the decisions by topic. (Note that some cases involve more than one topic.) Cases under each topic are listed in chronological order. 

The court noted that the existence of a law governing an activity doesn t automatically mean that there can t also be civil liability for that act. Where a defendant s conduct creates a foreseeable zone of risk, the law generally will recognize a duty placed upon defendant either to lessen the risk or see that sufficient precautions are taken to protect others from the harm that the risk poses. Further, as the risk grows greater, so does the duty, because the risk to be perceived defines the duty that must be undertaken. Because firearms are so dangerous, the duty of the seller is quite substantial. 

Works in this section deal with issues of civil liability for the manufacture, distribution, or use of firearms. These include specific cases and general issues such as product defects or negligent marketing, as well as general works about the firearms industry. 

C. How Criminal and Civil Liability Is Affected by Sleep Deprivation... 

Cases in which civil liability claims or defenses are asserted for conduct arising out of sleep disorders or sleep deprivation generally fall into four broad categories. The first involves an action against a person for harm caused by his or her own lapse of consciousness. This category of cases includes drivers who have lost consciousness as the result of sleep deprivation, a heart attack, or other unforeseeable sudden ailment. 

B. Current State of Sleep Deprivation and Civil Liability... 

Shuman D. Civil liability issues arising out of sleep deprivation and sleep disorders. In Shapiro C, Smith AM, eds. Forensic Aspects of Sleep. New York Wiley, 1997 99-114. 

See Praesel, 967 S.W.2d at 392. (Holding the reporting statute in Texas is a voluntary reporting mechanism and failure to report the condition is not negligence per se. The recording statutes control no actual conduct that leads to harm, and imposing liability for failure to report would expose physicians to an overly broad civil liability.)... 

Holleran MJ. 1995. Avoiding civil liability under OBRA 1990 Documentation is the key. /Pharm PractSAS. 

Webster s Dictionary defines a standard as something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example and states that standard applies to any definite rule, principle, or measure established by authority (standards of behavior) (Webster s, 2003). From a contemporary managerial perspective, standards of conduct for a pharmacist and for the operation of a pharmacy are derived both from laws and from professional standards or values. Standards for professional conduct and the operation of a pharmacy, whether stated formally in statutes and regulations or present in professional codes of ethics, are important for managers to understand and apply. Violations of these standards can affect the licensure status of a pharmacy practice site and/or its pharmacists, may result in litigation if a patient is harmed subsequent to a violation, and in the most serious cases can result in criminal prosecution. Both criminal prosecution and civil liability resulted in the case of Robert Courtney, the pharmacist discussed in the scenario. Courtney was sentenced to 30 years in prison, fined 25,000, and ordered to pay 10.4 million in restitution to the patients and families affected. These penalties were in addition to the civil judgment of 2.2 billion (Stafford, 2002). 

What additional civil liability issues arise from situations like this one ... 

Civil liability (tort law) Stuart Johnson, R.Ph., is manager of Johnson s Apothecary, a community pharmacy. When he arrived at the pharmacy today, there was a frantic voice-mail message left for him in the middle of the night while the pharmacy was closed. It seems that a staff pharmacist, Dave, made a dispensing error yesterday, and Suzie Jones, a 3-year-old child, was taken unconscious by ambulance to the local community hospital emergency room at 2 00 a.m. Suzie and her family had just moved to town about 2 weeks ago, and yesterday was their first visit to Johnson s Apothecary. 

Inform management of compliance status, regulatory risk, and civil liability... 

The 2001 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage... 

All health care professionals, including nurses, are subject to civil liability for providing substandard health care. Malpractice liability is generally a matter of state law, although the law of malpractice liability is very similar in all of the states. A nurse may be held liable, that is, have to pay monetary damages, for providing professional care that is below the standard followed by the profession. Absent special legislation, liability for... 

Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury 1978 HMSO, London Cmnd. 7054. Although the Commission considered compensation for death and personal injury suffered by any person through manufacture, supply or use of products, i.e. all goods whether natural or manufactured, and included drugs and even human blood and organs, it made no mention of tobacco and alcohol. 

Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 12 Nov. 1977 In 1997, one State (Lebanon) ratified the Convention, and two States (Belarus, Israel) signed the Convention. The Convention had 29 Parties. 

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