Shrader-Frechette

Schneider, S. (1989). Global Warming Are We Entering the Greenhouse Century San Francisco Sierra Club Books. Shrader-Frechette, K. S. (1989). Nuclear Power and Public Policy. Dordrecht, Holland Reidel. 

Oreskes, N., K. Shrader-Frechette and K. Belitz, 1994, Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the Earth sciences. Science 263,641-646. 

Oreskes N, Shrader-Frechette K, Belitz K. Verification, validation and confirmation of numerical models in the earth science. Science 1994 263 641-6. 

The second definition of ethics relates to conduct— modelers should conform to professional standards of conduct. Obviously one code of conduct to which modelers should conform to are the norms related to responsibilities becoming a scientist. All scientists have a duty to ensure their work serves desirable ends (Shrader-Frechette, 1994). Hence, as a scientist one must strive to not harm the public, research subjects, democratic institutions, and the environment. To those ends, the foremost ethical goal in science is to not deceive, inveigle, or obfuscate the results of our research nor should others be allowed to do so. In other words, scientists must not commit fraud and neither should others be allowed to use our research to commit fraud. 

Shrader-Frechette, K. Ethics of scientific research. Rowman Littlefield, Lanham, MD, 1994. 

Shrader-Frechette, K. S. (1991). Risk and Rationality. Philosophical Foundations for Populist Reforms. University of California Press, Berkeley. 

There are important and long-standing debates between opposing philosophical positions related to risk assessment, ranging from reahsm/positivism to constructivism/cultural relativism (Khnke Renn 2002 Shrader-Frechette 1991 Rosa 1998). 

Extreme constructivists posit that any risk construct is equally valid, i.e. that no mental construction is superior to others, and adhere to a form of cultural relativism (Shrader-Frechette 1991). 

Another major schism exists between positivists and cultural relativists in that the former see no role for values in risk assessment, whereas the latter conceive risk assessment as a combination of facts, values and public perceptions (Shrader-Frechette 1991). Rather than an absolute dichotomy between realists/positivists and constructivists/cultural relativists, there exists a continuum between these extremes (Shrader-Frechette 1991). 

Shrader-Frechette (1991) advocates a middle-way between realism and constructivism which she terms scientific proceduralism . Its rationale is based on three premises (i) explanatory power as tested by prediction, (ii) naturalistic approach to theory choice and (iii) testing the predictive and explanatory power... 

Our analysis of the adopted perspectives in risk assessment of maritime transportation shows that many competing views on risk analysis exist, as argued by other risk researchers (Shrader-Frechette 1991 Klinke Renn 2002 Rosa 1998 Jore Nja 2010). While this has not received much attention in the application area, our analysis shows that this is also the case in risk assessment for maritime transportation. This this is not merely a matter of defining the word risk , but a matter of more deep running philosophical positions. 

Mitcham, C. (1997). Engineering design research and social responsibility. In K. S. Shrader-Frechette L. Westra (Eds.), Technology and values. Lanham Rowman Littlefield. 

Mitcham, C. (1994). Engineering design research and socitil responsibility. In K. Shrader-Frechette (Ed.), Ethics of scientific research (pp. 153-163). London Rowman Littlefield. 

Kahneman Tversky, 1981, p. 46 (In Shrader-Frechette, 1985, p. 16). - Shrader-Frechette, 1990, p. 18. Shrader-Frechette suggests that we must reform regulatory... 

Shrader-Frechette, K. (1990). Scientific method, anti-foundationalism and public decisionmaking. Risk Health, safety, and environment (Franklin Pierce Law Center) 1(23). [Online]. Available http //www.fplc.edu/risk/voll/winter/Shrader.htm... 

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