Standards in developing

In the Asian-Pacific area, only Japan has developed its own vehicle emission standard. Other countries have adopted the US system (Taiwan) or the European standards to different degrees (most other countries). But it should not be forgotten that the share of new cars applying to these standards in developing countries is comparatively low. 

The need to decide requires many decisions, not just one. For each standard in development or soon to be in development, a decision is needed. An organization need not and in fact should not decide on a single uniform level of involvement for each and every standard that has or will have an effect on it. There are a large number of standards and a wide spectrum of possible levels of involvement and their respective amounts of effort. This document makes no recommendation of whether such involvement and the decisions that support those levels are centralized in an organization or those decisions are made individually by the members and managers most effected by the benefits and risk of such involvement. Each decision ought to be the result of careful consideration of each development effort, the importance of the possible result, the risks involve, and the cost of involvement versus the less easily determined cost of not being involved. 

Each organization and each individual must make its or his/her own decisions on each standard in development regarding how much involvement in the process is beneficial and possible. For many, the most attractive in terms of costs versus benefit is that of a reviewer, either as a public reviewer or a private reviewer. As a public reviewer, providing comments is optional. As a private reviewer, providing comments is mandatory and often includes providing corrections and/or alternatives. 

While different levels of involvement are appropriate for an organization based on the importance of the standards to it, the minimum reasonable involvement in any standard with the potential to effect an organization in more than a superficial way is to take advantage of the standard s public review. Standards in development and revisions in development are often published for public review, to the limited benefit of both the developers and the reviewers. 

However the chemical community has not been dormant in the period since the Convention of the Meter came into being. A vast range of analytical methods has been developed with ever increasing sensitivity and selectivity. Comparability of measurement results has been achieved in many sectors by the use of collabora-tively studied methods, reference materials, check samples and proficiency testing schemes. It is only recently that steps have been taken to develop traceability to international standards. In developing this traceability much can be learnt from the way traceability has developed for physical measurements. 

Apply the same best practice standards in developing nations as are required in industrialised nations throughout pesticide products entire Ufespans ... 

As a result of the higher health and safety standards in developed countries, profitability from recycling is generally much lower and responsibility for packaging waste is now considered to be that of the producer of the packaging rather than the end-user. The Polluter pays principle as outlined by the British Government in its consultation paper Producer Responsibility for Packaging Waste states ... 

An important step in developing a standard method is to determine which factors have a pronounced effect on the quality of the analytical method s result. The procedure can then be written to specify the degree to which these factors must be controlled. A procedure that, when carefully followed, produces high-quality results in different laboratories is considered rugged. The method by which the critical factors are discovered is called ruggedness testing. ... 

A particular mode of neurotoxicity was discovered for tricresyl phosphate that correlated with the presence of the o-cresyl isomer (or certain other specific aLkylphenyl isomers) in the triaryl phosphates. Many details of the chemistry and biochemistry of the toxic process have been elucidated (139,140,143—146). The use of low ortho-content cresols has become the accepted practice in industrial production of tricresyl phosphate. Standard in vivo tests, usually conducted with chickens sensitive to this mode of toxicity, have been developed for premarket testing of new or modified triaryl phosphates. As of 1992, the EPA called for extensive new toxicity and environmental data on this group of products (147). The Vederal e ster AoQ xm. ci. calling for this... 

The type of food and its processing affect flavoring efficiency therefore, flavor materials must be taste-tested in the food itself. Because there has been a lack of standardization of testing techniques, a committee on sensory evaluation of the Institute of Food Technologists has offered a guide (112) which is designed to help in developing standard procedures. 

Ionomers are generally shipped in pellet form in the standard containers developed for large-volume polyolefins, eg, 500-kg boxes. Water-resistant liners are used to keep the products dry during shipment and storage. 

Emission Standards. In order to have a nationwide basis for air pollution emission controls and to set a minimum emission limit, the EPA developed New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). The NSPS set specific poUutant emission limits or describe the best available control technology (BACT) that should be appUed at that source. The EPA has issued NSPS, which apply to new constmction as weU as to large modifications, for many different sources. Sources in the chemical industry include the foUowing. 

Specifications for sulfuric acid vary rather widely. Exceptions include the federal specifications for "Sulfuric Acid, Technical" and "Sulfuric Acid, Electrolyte (for storage batteries)" and the Food Chemicals Codex specification for sulfuric acid, frequentiy called food-grade acid (although industrywide, "food-grade" is nonspecific). Very Httie has been done to estabUsh industry-wide analytical standards in the United States, except for development of the ASTM analytical methods, designated as E223-88 and summarized in Table 12. 

Although color and turbidity of acid products are important properties, there is Httie standardization in such measurements. A ftequentiy used procedure is to determine color and turbidity by comparison with standards originally developed by the American PubHc Health Association (APHA) for examination of water (151). 

Tests Simulating Use Conditions. Several simulation tests involving wear and use testing have been developed. The first and only one to be adopted as a standard in the United States is AATCC Test Method 134-1975 for measuring the electrostatic propensity of carpets (60). In this test a person wearing standard neoprene and leather sole shoes and carrying a probe connected to an electrometer walks on a carpet for 30 to 60 s until the measured body voltage builds up to a maximum. 

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