Costs versus benefits

An EPA contractor has prepared a draft remedial action master plan (RAMP) for the Mead site. The contractor recommends further exploration to determine if any undiscovered potliner piles exist and also further geological studies. This recommendation is contingent on cost versus benefit of the action. 

Economics (evaluation of the environmental cost versus benefit of economic development and the determination of tradeoffs among economy, health, and the environment)... 

For example, the benefit of a cleaner environment was not examined and, moreover, would be very difficult to measure. However, an objective of this study is to contribute to the on-going process of evaluation of costs versus benefits of governmental regulation of business. Hence, the following is a summary assessment of the costs versus benefits of environmental research in the chemical industry. 

Each organization and each individual must make its or his/her own decisions on each standard in development regarding how much involvement in the process is beneficial and possible. For many, the most attractive in terms of costs versus benefit is that of a reviewer, either as a public reviewer or a private reviewer. As a public reviewer, providing comments is optional. As a private reviewer, providing comments is mandatory and often includes providing corrections and/or alternatives. 

Team members should primarily consider the technical merit of recommendations and should not be intimidated by their cost or project schedule impact, however the practicality of all suggestions should be kept in mind. It must also be realized that an infinite amount of money would be required to eliminate "all" hazards an employee, the public, or the company could be exposed to. The final decision on any major recommendation should be evaluated in its absolute terms, i.e. its cost to implement by performing a value analysis (cost versus benefit). 

Similar findings resulted from a study sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of 10,000 clients in nearly 100 treatment programs and in a metaanalysis of 78 separate drug treatment outcome studies. In addition, a summary of 51 published and 17 unpublished reports regarding the costs versus benefits of substance abuse treatment firmly validated the cost-effectiveness of treatment. ... 

Becaitse improved collectors cost more, the choice must depend on a cost versus benefit evaluation. High efflden-... 

Hilderman, V., DO-0178B, 2009. Costs versus Benefits, HighRely Whitepaper. Morten Ave, Arizona, USA. http //www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/ a2-lenz/n-gunton/hrwp do 178b cost beneflt.pdf. 

This implies that careful thought and consideration needs to be exercised to ensure that there will be an advantage and that the research is not merely leading to an alternative approach. Thorough and rigorous analysis of costs versus benefits, including ecological issues, offered by the microwave assisted approach would also help to lead the way for early commercialisation. 

The continuous increase in the cost of the raw materials for LAB production indicates that the cost versus benefit ratio for this product will necessarily have to be reset, and new and more specific application range should be investigated to obtain the proper aiterion for the most fruitful application of LAS in modem detergents. 

The successful introduction of aerogel materials into the consumer markets depends on the value that the aerogel materials bring to the product as compared to the insulating materials currently being used. This is basically a cost versus benefit analysis. Is there a market for improved thermal performance in products that need thermal insulation The answer for this is quite simply, yes, but the more important question is, what is the price that consumers will pay for this improved insulation Knowing the answer to this question will allow consumer product manufacturers and marketers to produce and sell products successfully. 

Economic costs versus benefits Is it worth doing ... 

Section 3(c)(5) requires pesticides entry to the market have their chemical composition support claims for use, meet labeling requirements, and perform the claimed function without unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. This requirement that there not be unreasonable risks of harm to humans or ecosystems foretells analysis for costs versus benefits and is assumed to include the cumulative effects of multimedia exposures to the pesticide. 

While dramatic progress has been made using stimuli-tri ered formulations, this has been accomplished with increased complexity and a higher number of subunits whose pharmacodynamics could be difficult to evaluate [18]. For the same reasons, scaling up of these formulations may face the same unfavorable cost versus benefit faced by ligand-targeted nanomedicine [18,30]. 

Z. Cheng, A. A1 Zaki, J.Z. Hui, V.R. Muzykantov, and A. Tsourkas, Multifunctional nanoparticles Cost versus benefit of adding targeting and imaging capabilities. Science, 338 (6109), 903-10, 2012. 

The higher the number of supphers and customers the more technical efficiency in terms of elechonic data interchange that is reqirired (BLL-Online 2001). The level to be reached will depend on (re-)traceabihty efforts and the costs versus benefits from risk management soluhons. Enterprises parhcipahng in the same value chain should negohate which data source should be us for what kind of information to best meet requirements for delivery traceabihty, informahon readiness and acceptable security of the food supply chain. 

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