Crude oil increase

FCC feedstocks contain sulfur in the form of organic-sulfur compounds such as mercaptan, sulfide, and thiophenes. Frequently, as the residue content of crude oil increases, so does the sulfur content (Table 2-5). Total sulfur in FCC feed is determined by the wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry method (ASTM D-2622), The results are expressed as elemental sulfur. 

Result The recovery of different fractions of petroleum distillate under atmospheric pressure was more than under reduced pressure because at lower pressure the vapour pressure of lighter molecule of crude oil increased so that they were siphoned out from the system without being condensed. Whereas a combination of distillation of lighter fraction under normal atmospheric pressure followed by the distillation of heavier contents under reduced pressure showed an improvement in the recovery of petroleum products. Recovery of distillates was still more when crude oil was first sonicated and then distilled under normal and reduced pressures. The viscosity of distillate increased with sonication whereas there was a decrease in value of density. 

Table 13.24 shows the produced oil analysis results from one of the producers (Zhang et al., 2001). From this table, we can see that the heavy nonhydrocarbon components in the produced crude oil increased and wax melting point became higher. The reason is that these heavy components are adsorbed initially on rock surfaces and are desorbed when the ASP solution contacts them. This phenomenon was also observed in Gudong ASP pilot (Song et al., 1994). 

Processes for manufacturing vinyl chloride from acetylene, which, for many years, were the only ones employed, offer the advantage of simplicity. Hence they benefit from lower capital expenditures, but, on the other hand, require the use of a much more expensive hydrocarbon raw material. This explains why they have been supplanted by technologies employing ethylene, and why they enjoyed a revival as the price of crude oil increased, although ethylene produced from gas-field ethane is ultimately the most advantageous economic alternative. 

An advantage of using C02 as an energizer is that it dissolves in oil and to a lesser extent in water. As the solubility of C02 in crude oil increases, the viscosity of the oil decreases dramatically. Thus the ability for the crude oil to be produced is improved. An example of the viscosity reduction effects of C02 on different crude oils at different temperatures and constant pressure is shown in Table I (16). 

Figure 2 shows that, as the concentration of the inter-fa-cially active fractions from Daqing crude oil increased, the value of the interfaeial shear viscosity of the interfaeial film between jet fuel and the synthetic formation water also in-... 

As the price of crude oil increases, traditional petro-platform chemicals such as ethylene and benzene will become more expensive and less widely available. Therefore we have to rethink both our feedstocks for future chemical manufacturing and the platform molecules from which aU downstream products will be generated. 

Liquid fuels are made from coal by reacting the coal with hydrogen gas under high pressure in the presence of catalysts (hydrogenating the coal). The process produces hydrocarbons like those in petroleum. The resulting crude oil type of material can be fractionally distilled to give fuel oil, gasoline, and certain hydrocarbons used in the manufacture of plastics, medicines, and other commodities. About 5.5 barrels of liquid are produced for each ton of coal. At the present time, the cost of a barrel of liquid from coal liquefaction is about double that of a barrel of crude oil. However, as petroleum supplies diminish and the cost of crude oil increases, coal liquefaction will become economically feasible. 

Oil is extracted either by pressing or increasingly by solvent extraction. The crude oil has a strong characteristic flavour and odour and has a dark reddish brown colour. The free fatty acid content of the oil depends on the conditions of harvesting and moisture content of the seed good-quality oil has free fatty acid of 0.5-1%. Normally it is increasingly difficult to bleach the oil satisfactorily as the free fatty add of the crude oil increases. However, there is no direct relation between the quality of the crude oil and the stability and flavour of the fully refined oil. 

Subsequent work by Dagnew [31] was performed to determine the ability of the rhamnolipid to act as a biodispersant for oil. The effect of rhamnolipid concentration was evaluated. Fig. 1 shows the dispersion of fresh crude oil at different rhamnolipid concentrations at a pH 7.5-buffered solvent. The dispersion of crude oil increased dramatically with an increase in rhamnolipid concentration. At 22 2°C and 35% salinity, the rhamnolipid biosurfactant dispersed from 10 to 82% of oil into the water column when the rhamnolipid solution was applied at concentrations between 0.1 and 12%, respectively. In comparison to natural dispersion, the rhamnolipid... 

It is sometimes stated that natural gas and crude oil prices are interrelated however, the data in Figures 1.3 and 1.4 showing the cost of crude oil (global) and natural gas (United States) suggest that this may not be the case. The cost of natural gas from 1983-2000 decreased in nominal terms, and if adjusted for inflation decreased by about 50%. Meanwhile, the cost of crude oil increased from about 2/barrel in 1972 to 40/bar-rel in 1980, an increase by a factor of 20. From 1980 to 1999, the nominal price of crude oil fell from 40/barrel to about 15/barrel, or a decrease of about 62%. 

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