Hydrocarbon Distillation

Crude oil (petroleum), a dark viscous liquid, is a mixture of virtually hundreds of different hydrocarbons. Distillation of the crude oil yields several fractions, which are then used for different purposes. 

Tests by FRI and Nutter [132] emphasize that distribution of liquid must be uniform and at minimum values to achieve good HETP values over a range of system pressures for hydrocarbons distillation. 

Hydrocarbon Distilled water solubility (ppm) Salt water solubility (ppm)... 

Silylation of AN with BSA and BSTFA produces as by-products A-trimethyl-silylacetamide (bp 70°C/35mm Hg) and A-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (bp 60°C/35mm Hg), respectively. Owing to high volatility typical of fluorinated hydrocarbons, distillation of BSTFA from the reaction mixture seems to be more favorable, although their high casts should also be taken into account. 

Uses Solvent jet fuel research rubber industry manufacturing paraffin products paper processing industry standardized hydrocarbon distillation chaser gasoline component organic synthesis. 

Hydrocarbon distillates in the gas oil range ( diesel or derv ) are subject to duty when used as a road fuel. Gas oil, which is often identical to diesel oil in hydrocarbon composition, is exempt from duty when used for stationary machines. In order to prevent its misuse as a road fuel, gas oil is marked with a mixture of 1,4-dfhydroxyanthraquinone (quinizarin), 2-fiirfuraldehyde (furfural) and a red dye. An automatic method for the extraction, identification and determination of quinizarin in gas oil has been used hy the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) for some years. The presence of furfiiral provides evidence for legal prosecution and the numbers of analyses ordered in the UK merit automatic analysis. 

W. K. Griesinger, 39, 1284 and 4742 (1945), Canadian Pat 424914 (1945). Gelatinization of hydrocarbon distillates in order to prepare solidified fuels suitable as incendiaries, is achieved by mixing a hydrocarbon distillate with 0.5-10% by volume of an aqueous solution containing 10-40% by weight of petroleum sulfonate and... 

An even more advantageous condition exists in the case of the toluene range hydrocarbons when methyl ethyl ketone and water are added. A ternary azeotrope of methyl ethyl ketone-water-nonaromatic hydrocarbons distills below 176° F. Neither methyl ethyl ketone nor methyl ethyl ketone-water forms an azeotrope with toluene hence, toluene will not distill until a temperature of 231 ° F. is reached, unless excess water is present. Thus, it is relatively easy to produce pure toluene from petroleum fractions ... 

Roughly speaking, this use includes ail of the pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons distilling up to gasoline end point plus some of the butanes, totaling about 70% of the recent annual production of natural gas liquids. 

The author believes that low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons refers to light hydrocarbons at near atmospheric pressure or under vacuum. The foam stability of light-hydrocarbon distillation at medium and high pressure is best inferred from the Glitsch criterion. 

P. C. Hayes-Jr and S. D. Anderson, Paraffins, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics analysis of selected hydrocarbon distillates using on-line column switching high-performance... 

Bannon, R.P. and Marple, Jr., S., "Heat Recovery in Hydrocarbon Distillation," Chemical Engineering Progress, pp 41-45,... 

Increased temperature decreases the H/C ratio of the hydrocarbons distilled in pyrolysis. 

Example 4 Light Hydrocarbon Distillation Compute stage temperatures, interstage vapor and liquid flow rates and compositions, and reboiler and condenser duties for the light hydrocarbon distillation column shown in Fig. 13-43. How might the separation be improved ... 

FIG. 13-44 Multicomponent McCabe-Thiele diagram for the hydrocarbon distillation in Fig. 13-43. 

Example 4 Calculation of the BP Method Use the BP method with the SRK equation-of-state for K values and enthalpy departures to compute stage temperatures, interstage vapor and liquid flow rates and compositions, and reboiler and condenser duties for the light-hydrocarbon distillation-column specifications shown in Fig. 13-51 with feed at 260 psia. The specifications are selected to obtain three products a vapor distillate rich in Cg and C3, a vapor side-stream rich in TI-C4, and a bottoms rich in n-Cj and n-Ce. 

A generic term for hydrocarbon distillates produced from either petroleum or coal tar. Petroleum naphthas are mixtures of hydrocarbons obtained as distillate fractions from crude petroleum, e.g., with a bp range 175-240°C. The term naphtha is also applied to other (and narrower) bp ranges. Solvent naphtha is a coal-tar distillate consisting mainly of aromatic hydrocarbons. 

P. C. Hayes and S. D. Anderson, Hydrocarbon group type analyzer system for the rapid determination of saturates, olefins, and aromatics in hydrocarbon distillate products. Anal. Chem., 58, 2384-2388 (1986). 

Hydrocarbon distillates (full range depending on the feedstock)... 

A mixture of 34 g. (0.14 mole) of the ketone and 10 g. of zinc dust is heated for 3 hours in a metal bath at a bath temperature of 410°. The material is then heated in a distillation system at 0.4 mm. pressure. The hydrocarbon distilled is recrystallized several times from benzene-ethanol mixture to give 17.2 g. (54%) of 1,2-benzanthracene. Product melting at 155.5-157 is obtained by solution of the 17.2 g. and 1 g. of maleic anhydride in 50 ml. of benzene, refluxing for 3 hours, extraction of the hot solution with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution,... 

Lubricating oils are composed of 80-90% petroleum hydrocarbon distillate with 10-20% additives to impart specific properties to the oil. The petroleum hydrocarbon distillate generally consists of paraffinic or naphthenic compounds, whose properties are listed in Table 1. 

The sequence of reactions mercaptalation-purification-demer-captalation has been employed with exemplary success as a method19,282-284 of achieving difficult isolations (for example, of D-idose262). A patent has been issued whereby noxious odors are removed from hydrocarbon distillates by treatment with D-glucose and acid.421... 

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