Fuels, research

Measurement of octane numbers is carried out using a reference motor called CFR (Cooperative Fuel Research), referring to a series of studies conducted in 1928 in the United States in order to standardize the methods for characterizing motor fuels. 

Other synthetic methods have been investigated but have not become commercial. These include, for example, the hydration of ethylene in the presence of dilute acids (weak sulfuric acid process) the conversion of acetylene to acetaldehyde, followed by hydrogenation of the aldehyde to ethyl alcohol and the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis. Synthetic fuels research has resulted in a whole new look at processes to make lower molecular weight alcohols from synthesis gas. 

Adel E. Saroflm, Se.D., Lammot DuPont Professor of Chemical Engineering and Assistant Director, Fuels Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)... 

Hypergolic A hypergolic mixture ignites upon contact of the components without any external source of ignition (heat or flame). The only field, in which this is a desirable event, is in rocket fuel research. Accidental mixing of incompatible materials can lead to a fire or explosion. Here is one example provided by the staff at ILPI of what can happen, when incompatibles are mixed. Always read the labels on your bottles (don t assume a chemical s identity by the shape, size, or color of the bottle), and know what materials are incompatible with the chemicals that you are using. 

McCuen, C. L. (1952). Economic Relationship of Engine-Fuel Research. SAE Transactions 6 291-303. 

After 1973 the United States invested heavily in synthetic fuel research and development, hoping synthetics could sciwc as economical substitutes for crude oil. However, coal conversion is not profitable unless the price of crude oil is over 50 per barrel, which is why the processes developed were mothballed when world crude oil prices fell in the 1980s. 

Fuel Research, 1956, Report of Fuel Research Board, Dept, of Science... 

Today we face a different challenge. Environmental pressure is pushing away from S)mthetic or petro-chemically derived products, while economic factors are pulling back from often more expensive "green" options. This paradox is what fuels research into materials and products whose properties fulfill environmental and economic requirements. 

Planar images obtained with laser-based imaging techniques in a propane-fueled research engine showing how closely coupled hydroxyl radical (OH) concentration is with temperature. (From Orth, A., Sick, V., Wolfrum, J., Maly, R.R., and Zahn, M., Proc. Combust. Inst., 25,143,1994. With permission.)... 

Fuel Research Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 217, Pretoria, South Africa 0001... 

Coal Fuel Research Institute V+E Volume % R max o South African Iron and Steel Corporation V+EZ RSF3 Total Volume % ... 

So, what s next Of course, research on all fronts will advance, with the approaches in Sect. 4 receiving perhaps the highest attention. The rapid development of nanoscopic and nanostructured materials has specially opened the path to sophisticated sensing ensembles Sousa and Vogtle would not even have dreamed about [228, 229]. However, for many applications, small molecules as reporters are indispensible, simply because of their size and the possibilities of interaction at the molecular level so that their future exploration is also essential. Finally, since technology will advance, new instrumental techniques and possibilities will appear and automatically fuel research on powerful fluorescent reporters. 

Waring, J., Strategic oursourcing fuels research growth. Drug Discovery Development, January/February 2000, p. 40. 

Uses Solvent standardized hydrocarbon manufacturing paraffin products jet fuel research paper processing industry rubber industry organic synthesis. 

Uses Solvent jet fuel research rubber industry manufacturing paraffin products paper processing industry standardized hydrocarbon distillation chaser gasoline component organic synthesis. 

Applied Biological Sciences Section, Biotechnology Research Branch, Solar Fuels Research Division, Solar Energy Research Institute, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401... 

Energy and Fuels Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University-Park, PA 16802 HJnocal Corporation, P.O. Box 76, Brea, CA 92621... 

Crawford, A., Williams, F.A., King, J.G. and Sinnatt, F.S., Fuel Research Tech. Paper 29, Dept. Sci. and Indust. Research, His Majesty s Stationary Office, London (1931). 

Samec, M., Proceedings of the Symposium on the Nature of Coal, Central Fuel Research Institute, Jealgora, India (1959). 

In response to recent federal and local environmental concerns (e.g., industrial emission controls and lead phase-out) and to the growing interest of refiners in cracking residual fuels, researchers have generated new families of cracking catalysts. There is now a need to review the merits of these newly developed materials. This volume contains contributions from researchers involved in the preparation and characterization of cracking catalysts. Other important aspects of fluid catalytic cracking, such as feedstocks and process hardware effects in refining, have been intentionally omitted because of time limitations and should be treated separately in future volumes. 

Houdry returned to the steel plant after the war. But he soon found a new subject that interested him even more than steel production fuels research. In 1922, the French government approached Houdry with a request that he look for a new method for converting coal into liquid fuels. Houdry discovered such a method but found that it was too expensive to use commercially. Nonetheless, he found that he was fascinated by the subject of fuel research, and he spent much of the rest of his life pursuing that subject. 

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