Sprayed on plants

The stability of any emulsion is dependent on needs and the application area. In some cases, the emulsion need to be stable for longer time than in other cases. As in the case of hair cream, the emulsion should destabilize as soon as it is applied to the hair, as otherwise, the hair will be white with emulsion droplets. On the other hand, any emulsion used in spraying on plants needs to be stable for longer time. Further, if one needs to clean oil spills on oceans, the emulsion formation then needs to be destabilized. 

Recent research indicates that neem may be good for more than pest control-it can help stop plant diseases, too When sprayed on plant leaves, the oil extracted from neem seeds provides a protective coating that blocks fungal spores and prevents disease development. 

When paraquat is sprayed on plants, superoxide anion is over-produced because paraquat produces superoxide anion, as mentioned above, and destroys plant tissues. This is the mechanism by which paraquat acts as a herbicide. 

Next consider the courts. Early this year, the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirmed a lower court decision that kept NIH from approving a field test of recombined bacteria to be sprayed on plants to inhibit frost formation. The bacteria to be produced were not novel and were already isolated in the environment in small quantities. From an environmental protection standpoint, most scientists regarded the scaled-down experiment approved by NIH s Recombinant Advisory Committee as innocuous and looked forward to evaluating obtained field data. 

Compounds that release ethylene when sprayed on plants have become of major economic importance, being used to accelerate diverse ethylene responses such as induction of flowering, stimulation of latex flow, leaf and branchlet abscission, fruit ripening, fruit abscission, and pod dehiscence. Novel aspects of application of these materials in agriculture are reviewed. 

Shotcrete (spray applied concrete) - Ease and speed of installation as concrete is sprayed on - Plant can be operated from outside the bund if necessary - Proven durability - Able to cast around penetrations - Hydrocarbon resistance - Specialist contractors required - Requires joints for construction and movement - Requires regular maintenance of joint and penetration sealants and cracks - Can buckle under heat - Very Good - Joints and penetrations are weakness Low... 

UV Inactivation. Most NPVs lose 50% or more of their original activity in one or two days when sprayed on plants in the field. This inactivation is associated with exposure to sunlight and more specifically, the UV portion of sunlight (28). This has led to a search for materials that could be added to viral formulations to protect them from UV inactivation. 

The viscosity of the spray oil, as measured by the Saybolt test, also determines its safety on plants. Other properties being equal, oils of low viscosity ate safer to use on foHage than those of high viscosity. For dormant sprays on deciduous trees, oils with viscosities between 100 and 200 Saybolt universal seconds (SUs) at 37.8°C are considered satisfactory. A lower range is often used in colder and a higher range in warmer areas. 

Two-fluid nozzles do not operate efficiently at high capacities and consequently are not used widely on plant-size spray diyers. Their chief advantage is that they operate at relatively low pressure, the hq-uid being 0 to 400 kPa/m" pressure, while the atomizing fluid is usually no more than 700 kPa/m" pressure. The atomizing fluid may be steam or air. Two-fluid nozzles nave been employed for the dispersion of thick pastes and filter cakes not previously capable of being handled in ordinaiy atomizers [Baran, Ind. Eng. Chem., 56(10), 34-36 (1964) andTurba, Brit. Chem. Eng., 9(7), 457-460 (1964)]. 

Families can reduce the risk of exposure to methyl parathion in the soil, on plants, or in the air by staying away from fields that have been recently sprayed. If families wait at least 4-5 days before entering sprayed fields, then the amount of methyl parathion present in the air or on plants is expected to be small. 

Oxime carbamates are generally applied either directly to the tilled soil or sprayed on crops. One of the advantages of oxime carbamates is their short persistence on plants. They are readily degraded into their metabolites shortly after application. However, some of these metabolites have insecticidal properties even more potent than those of the parent compound. For example, the oxidative product of aldicarb is aldicarb sulfoxide, which is observed to be 10-20 times more active as a cholinesterase inhibitor than aldicarb. Other oxime carbamates (e.g., methomyl) have degradates which show no insecticidal activity, have low to negligible ecotoxicity and mammalian toxicity relative to the parent, and are normally nondetectable in crops. Therefore, the residue definition may include the parent oxime carbamate (e.g., methomyl) or parent and metabolites (e.g., aldicarb and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites). The tolerance or maximum residue limit (MRL) of pesticides on any food commodity is based on the highest residue concentration detected on mature crops at harvest or the LOQ of the method submitted for enforcement purposes if no detectable residues are found. For example, the tolerances of methomyl in US food commodities range from 0.1 to 6 mg kg for food items and up to 40 mg kg for feed items. ... 

The toxicity and the physiological action of insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and herbicides on plants are of basic importance. The toxicity of treated plants to animals, and the toxicity of treated plants and animals to humans and to wildlife are of practical concern. A long-range consideration of the effect of sprays on both plant and human nutrition and its relation to public health is of direct concern. The hazards in field application and methods of protecting operators should be reported in detail and further research should be emphasized. 

The availability of Compound 118 for wide scale experimentation in the field of agricultural, household, and public health uses makes necessary a method for determining minute amounts such as would be present in spray or dust residues on plants and in biological fluids and tissues. 

The aforementioned series of reactions provides a basis for a colorimetric analytical method for Compound 118 in which the commonly used agricultural chemicals do not interfere. The procedure described herein permits the estimation of as little as 10 micrograms of Compound 118, and has been successfully applied to the analysis of this insect toxicant in insecticidal dusts, in film residues on glass and paper, in human and animal urine, and in mixture with other insecticides. Application of this procedure to the determination of Compound 118 in milk and in spray and dust residues on plants appears promising. 

PCP in liquid form is sprayed on marijuana, parsley, oregano, or other plant leaves, and sold as angel dust. In powder form it is sold under the deceptive name of peace pills. ... 

Select the pesticide and the surfactants that may be added by evaluating the uptake of the pesticide when solution droplets are sprayed on a plant leaf [Munir (2005)]. 

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