Spectroscopy development

Hirschfeld T and Chase B 1986 FT-Raman spectroscopy development and justification Appl. Spectrosc. 40 133-9... 

Spectrometers are designed to measure the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a sample. Basically, a spectrometer consists of a source of radiation, a compartment containing the sfflnple through which the radiation passes, and a detector. The frequency of radiation is continuously varied, and its intensity at the detector is compar ed with that at the source. When the frequency is reached at which the sample absorbs radiation, the detector senses a decrease in intensity. The relation between frequency and absorption is plotted as a spectrum, which consists of a series of peaks at characteristic frequencies. Its interpretation can furnish structural information. Each type of spectroscopy developed independently of the others, and so the data format is different for each one. An NMR spectrum looks different from an IR spectrum, and both look different from a UV-VIS spectrum. 

Ina similarmarmerto surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhancement of hyper-Raman scattering is a promising method to study adsorbed molecules on metal surfaces [24]. Based on recent developments in plasmonics, design and fabrication of metal substrates with high enhancement activities is now becoming possible [21]. Combination of the surface enhancement with the electronic resonances would also be helpful for the practical use of hyper-Raman spectroscopy. Development of enhanced hyper-Raman spectroscopy is awaited for the study of solid/liquid interfaces. 

Topnir Not a chemical process but an instrumental process for on-line monitoring of hydrocarbon process streams by infrared spectroscopy. Developed by BP and offered for license in 1997. 

The present method is still in its early stage of application. Both ex situ and in situ type measurements are applicable to a variety of mineral/aqueous solution interfaces. For example, the mechanism of selective adsorption of cobaltous ions on manganese minerals can be studied by this method. In addition to the two Mossbauer source nuclides described in the present article, there are a number of other nuclides which can be studied. We have recently started a series of experiments using Gd-151 which is a source nuclide of Eu-151 Mossbauer spectroscopy. Development of theory on surface magnetism, especially one including relaxation is desirable. Such a theory would facilitate the interpretation of the experimental results. 

E. Ayranci, B.E. Conway, Adsorption and electrosorption of ethyl xanthate and thiocyanate anions at high-area carbon-cloth electrodes studied by in situ UV spectroscopy development of procednres for wastewater pnrification. Anal. Chem., 73, 1181-1189 (2001). 

Fabre, C., Boiron, M.-C., Dubessy, J., Moissette, a. 1999. Determination of ions in individual fluid inclusions by laser ablation optical emission spectroscopy development and applications to natural fluid inclusions. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 14(6), 913-922. 

Deaville, E.R. and Baker, C.W. (1993) Spectral interpretations in relation to food characterisation. Paper 3 In NIR Spectroscopy Developments in Agriculture and Food, Proceedings of the International Conference on NIR Spectroscopy. ADAS, Drayton, UK, pp. 1-20. 

Vibrationally excited nitric oxide has been produced flash photo-lytically at room temperature by Norrish and co-workers.22-24 They monitored the vibrationally excited nitric oxide by the method of kinetic spectroscopy developed in Norrish s laboratory. Information on relaxation processes was obtained as a result. 

Gleber, G, Thieme, J., Niemeyer, J., and Feser, M. (2003). Interaction of organic substances with iron studied by Ols spectroscopy—Development of an analysis program. /. Phys. TV France 104 429 432. 

Hirschfeld T, Chase B. FT-Raman spectroscopy development and justification. Applied Spectroscopy 1986, 40, 133-137. 

Preliminary work on 2 3S —2 3P measurements in C4+ has already taken place [124] and higher-Z ions can be studied as techniques for UV laser spectroscopy develop. The 21S o — 23Pi measurements can be extended to C4+ using a far-infrared laser, and to Si12+ using a Nd YAG laser. Direct 2 3Pj — 2 3Pj> fine structure measurements can also be extended to higher and lower Z, using appropriate lasers. The precision of these measurements can also be increased should developments in theory justify it. 

Tagliaro, E, Traldi, P., Pelli, B., Maschio, S., Neri, C., Marigo, M., Determination of Morphine and Other Opioids in the Hair of Heroin Addicts by RIA, HPLC and Collisional Spectroscopy, Development in Analytical Methods in Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, and Forensic Sciences, 1st ed., Piemonte, G., Tagliaro, E, Marigo, M., Frigerio, A., Eds., Planum Press, New York, 1987,115. 

These pioneering results on smooth platinum obtained by EMIRS were confirmed by the new IR Reflectance Spectroscopy developed by Pons et al. (SNIFTIRS) and Weaver et al. (SPAIRS), able to observe intermediate species produced on carbon (e.g. Vulcan XC-72) supported Pt-based nanoparticles. 

An important series of studies on the pyrolysis and oxidation of both ammonia and hydrazine was published by Husain and Norrish in 1963. These workers studied both systems by the method of flash photolysis and kinetic spectroscopy developed in Norrish s laboratory over a decade earlier. The major observations in the oxidation of NH3 were (1) the NH3-O2 explosion is preceded by an induction period of several milliseconds, at the end of which the spectra of NO, O2, and OH are observed in vibrationally excited states (but with a vibrational temperature equal to the translational temperature) (2) NH and OH spectra are observed before the end of the induction period and (3) the main nitrogenous product is NO, with some N2O. 

A conference dedicated to the development of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques was initiated in 1989 in Bombannes, France. The subsequent meetings, held every three years, took place in California (1992), Belgium (1995), Brazil (1998), Italy (2001), Florida (2004), and France (2007). The special issues associated with these conferences provide unique triennial snapshots of the state of impedance research. One driving concern reflected in these volumes is the heterogeneity of electrode surfaces and the correspondence to the use and misuse of constant phase elements. Local impedance spectroscopy, developed by Lillard et al., may prove to be a useful method for understanding this relationship. 

Overtone spectroscopy developed for irradiates the sample at approximately twice the Larmor frequency (Tycko and Opella 1987). If the quadrupole interaction is sufficiently large that second-order quadrupole effects are significant, the (— 1 1) transition becomes weakly allowed. In powders the spectmm is still structured, allowing the interactions to be deduced, but is narrowed by a factor of 8vq/xq. 

G. Vishnoi, A. H. Hielscher, N. Ramanujam, and B. Chance, Photon Migration Through Fetal Head in Utero Using Continuous Wave, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Development and Evaluation of Experimental and Numerical Models, J. Bio-med. Optics, 5(2), 163-172 (2000). 

A type of spectroscopy, developed by Ernst, which multiplies sensitivity 10 to 100 times compared to dispersive NMR instruments. 

T Flirschfeld and DB Chase. FT-Raman Spectroscopy Development and Justification. Appl. Spectrosc. 40 133-137, 1986. 

A new method for the study of nonstationary polymerization is the flow and stopped-flow spectroscopy developed by Sawamoto and Higashimura (161. 162). Although these methods offer the only available data about polymerization kinetics through known species, their preparative applications are very limited. A number of useful discoveries are coming from Kennedy s laboratory (163-175). Part of these discoveries will be presented later. Kennedy s research philosophy consists in understanding the mechanisms of polymerization of conventional monomers, and its use in the design of new polymeric materials (163) has proven very productive. 

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