Measurement types

Appliance Variable measured Type cf sensors used today... 

Appliance Variable measured Type of sensors used... 

No sampling Sampling loop Grab sampling Fig. 4 On-site measurement types... 

Tg of blend was measured at the scan rate of 5°C/min by Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (Du Pont DMA 981), which was a resonant frequency measuring type. Tgs were determined by the peaks of the loss modulus peaks. 

Fio. 2.2. Tracer measurements types of input signals and output responses (a) Step input—F-curve (A) Pulse input—C-curve (c) Sinusoidal input... 

Reference Setting Number of patients NPV for ischemia PPV for ischemia Outcome measure Type of study... 

When fewer than about 100 measurements of the same type are needed, the use of control charts becomes impractical. A few repeat measurements made within the routinely encountered range of relevant values is sufficient to estimate the repeatability of a single measurement. Difficulty arises only when a measurement type or procedure is inordinately time-consuming or costly to replicate. Relevant examples are the measurement of an unusual trace constituent in a sample of minimal size, and a lengthy isotope dilution mass-spec-trometric determination. The analyst is then required to depend on general experience of reliability of a method and would be wise to estimate the uncertainty with special care. 

This paper described a number of the means for measuring the piezoelectric coefficients of bulk materials and thin films. In bulk materials, excellent references are available. Numerous means have been used over the years to measure the piezoelectric coefficients, which can be loosely grouped as charge-based and displacement-based. Accurate data can be obtained by many of the techniques, and agreement between measurement types is usually reasonable, provided that comparable excitation levels are utilized. In contrast, for thin films attached to substrates, the mechanical boundary conditions differ in charge and displacement based techniques. As a result, the direct and converse coefficients are not identical. In addition, perhaps because of the relative immaturity of the field, the numerous possible artifacts are not always accounted for, which can lead to erroneous results in thin film measurements. 

After consideration of the different measurement methods we now focus on typical measurement types which are all based on one of the voltage excitation methods but differ in the excitation and the electrical treatment signal in between repeated measurements. 

You can use a pica ruler to measure space, but it is hard to find a type gauge for measuring type you must compare it to known type sizes. For example, in 10 point type, no character actually is 10 points high. 

The procedure to measure type IV collagen degradation is detailed below (Garbisa et al., 1980a). The technique can be easily adapted to other matrix components, single or in combination. 

After the definition of the three hardware elements previously described, one has to establish the software elements intervention criterion, performance measures, type of disturbances and simulation conditions. 

Location and references Fuel type Average sampling duration Time of measurement Types of measurement (area or personal) Areas of measurement (kitchen, living or outdoors) Size fractions (TSP,PMio or PM2.5) Exposure for adult women (pg/m ) Concentrations (pg/m ) ... 

Total number of vicinal couplings measured (homonuclear /hh couplings are also included if measured). Types of heteronuclear couplings measured. 

Fig. 3. A mechanism-based toxicity (MBT) curation tool was divided into four panels with (a) general information, (b) metabolism of the molecule, (c) biological data, and (d) toxicity data. The general information panel describes the structure, IUPAC name, smiles of the molecule, and the information on metabolites, their structures and any references. The panel on metabolism describes the toxicity information on individual metabolites and the references from which the information was curated. Biological data give the information on which protein or cells or organs get affected and the measurement of the effect. Toxicity panel gives the information on the molecule as well as the metabolites effect on the species, exposure times, measurement type and their values, effects, and the references.

Duration and frequency of exposure, chronic criteria, acute and chronic measurements, types of exposure, and information available in IRIS database. 

Technique of measurement Type of measurement Quantity Unit of measurement... 

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