Translational temperature

That s fine in the macroscopic world, but how does the concept of temperature translate to the microscopic world ... 

Figure 44. Rate constants for 0+-N2 reaction as (X) function of effective temperature (—), translational temperature data (—), vibrational temperature data.317...

Mass spectrometry concerns the dynamics of unimolecular ionic reactions. Given that an ion has no memory of its mode of formation, the method of ionization is incidental and the ion s reactivity depends upon its own energy state. Experimental conditions are such as to minimise the occurrence of ion—molecule reactions [497] and their effects can usually be neglected. Mass spectrometry is a molecular beam experiment in the sense that each ion is an isolated system. The assembly of ions is not at a temperature, although in limited circumstances it may be possible to speak of their rotational temperature, translational temperature and perhaps even vibrational temperature. The familiar mass spectrum identifies the reaction products, but provides little other information about the reaction dynamics. This purist s view of mass spectrometry colours this article. 

Table 4 shows the progression of the residual moisture of the canine distemper vaccine for various temperatures and desorption durations. At a similar temperature, increasing the desorption duration decreases the residual moisture level. For similar durations of desorption, the decrease in temperature translates to... 

High temperature (translational, rotational, and vibrational degrees of freedom) Room temperature (translational and rotational degrees of freedom only)... 

Figure 9. The interchange between the two tautomers of BA dimers, labeled L and R, is mediated by a double proton transfer in the hydrogen bonds. At low temperature, translational quantum tunneling dominates the dynamics.

Nucleophilic Displacement in the Gas Phase as a Function of Temperature, Translational Energy, and Solvation Number... 

So Sap(q, co) describes the spectrum of density fluctuations at wave vector q. At low temperatures the crystal dynamics consist of phonon vibrations and Fap(q, t) is a superposition of harmonic oscillations so 5a (q, phonon frequencies corresponding to wave vector q. At higher temperatures translational motion occurs and the associated correlations should simply decay in time, giving rise to a peak in Sa/ (q, co) that is centred on co = 0, and therefore called the quasi-elastic peak, with subsidiary phonon peaks at the appropriate values of co. A nice example is shown in a paper by Gillan (1986). 

Additionally, the history of 5 O or 5D from the ice core can be used as a short cut to interpreting the borehole-temperature record (Paterson and Clarke 1978 Cuffey et al. 1992, 1994, 1995 Johnsen et al. 1995, Cuffey and Clow 1997 Johnsen et al. 1997 also see Beltrami and Taylor 1995). The records of ice from GISP2 and GRIP were used for central Greenland. A provisional relation between the of ice formed from accumulated snow and the surface temperature translates the record of the ice core into a provisional surface-temperature history, which is used to drive a time-dependent heat- and ice-flow model to predict modern temperature versus depth in the ice sheet. The provisional relation between of ice and temperature is then adjusted to optimize... 

The volume of a given mass of liquid depends on the temperature. Translating this statement into mathematics, we say that the volume is a function of temperat are, or simply write the symbol V(t). 

The rate of a chemical reaction will generally increase with increasing temperature. This is because a higher temperature translates into a higher average energy per molecule,... 

Again, there is a tradeoff between steam consumption and heat-transfer area. Use of more motive steam allows operation at higher pressure. The higher condensing temperature translates into less area. There will also be an excess of vapor available. Some systems use this in a sort of hybrid operation by adding a second evaporation effect, driven by the excess steam. 

The required physical state of the polymer in the reactor system, solid or dissolved in solvent, imposes two completely different operating temperature regimes for the reactor systems either below the polymer melting point for the gas phase process or above it for the solution process. This difference in reactor operating temperature translates to differences in reactor productivity, required volume and product change over time. The solution process has smaller reactor volumes and shorter product change overtimes. 

The most recent increase in N2-assisted soldering comes with the onset of large-scale lead-free soldering implementation around the world. Higher process temperature translates to higher oxidation rates during soldering. Also, as previously discussed, certain solder alloys are more prone to oxidation than conventional Sn-Pb solders. 

A remarkable variety of mechanisms has been proposed to explain the heat shock response in different cells. Lindquist et al. (1982) and Di Domenico et al. (1982) suggest that, in Drosophila and yeast cells, heat shock proteins repress their own synthesis. The response in Xenopus oocytes differs from that in somatic cells in that only translational control appears to be involved heat shock mRNA is masked and inactive in translation at normal temperatures, but is unmasked by high temperature (Bienz and Gurdon, 1982). At that temperature, translation of normal mRNA is inhibited by another mechanism. Lowering the temperature results in reactivation of normal mRNA and remasking of heat shock mRNA. 

Giv] High temperature translation balance, bitter-coil type magnetometer Ordering temperature, magnetic anisotropy... 

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