Shear winds

The selective redection of chiral nematic Hquid crystals has also been used to develop sensors for pressure, radiation (especially infrared), wind shear over surfaces, stmctural fatigue, and foreign chemical vapor (48). Other types of Hquid crystals have been used to make sensors to measure both electric and magnetic fields. 

Trajectory models require spatiaUy and temporaUy resolved wind fields, mixing-height fields, deposition parameters, and data on the spatial distribution of emissions. Lagrangian trajectory models assume that vertical wind shear and horizontal diffusion are negligible. Other limitations of trajectory and Eulerian models have been discussed (30). 

Approaches used to model ozone formation include box, gradient transfer, and trajectoty methods. Another method, the particle-in-cell method, advects centers of mass (that have a specific mass assigned) with an effective velocity that includes both transport and dispersion over each time step. Chemistry is calculated using the total mass within each grid cell at the end of each time step. This method has the advantage of avoiding both the numerical diffusion of some gradient transfer methods and the distortion due to wind shear of some trajectory methods. 

Meteorology plays an important role in determining the height to which pollutants rise and disperse. Wind speed, wind shear and turbulent eddy currents influence the interaction between the plume and surroimding atmosphere. Ambient temperatures affect the buoyancy of a plume. However, in order to make equations of a mathematical model solvable, the plume rise is assumed to be only a function of the emission conditions of release, and many other effects are considered insignificant. 

Wind shear The change in the wind velocity and direction with height above some reference plane. 

Turbulence is generated by wind shear in the surface layer and in the wake of obstacles and structures present on the earth s surface. Another powerful source of turbulent motion is an unstable temperature stratification in the atmosphere. The earth s surface, heated by sunshine, may generate buoyant motion of very large scale (thermals). 

Fulle, D. J. (1975). Lapse rate-wind shear classification of turbulent diffusion. M. S. Thesis, Dept, of Meteorology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. 

A strong wind shear at about 11 km. directed the bottom portion of the cloud away from the remainder of the cloud. 

Wind speed varies over a wide range of time scales. Turbulent fluctuations in the time range of seconds to minutes are important for the assessment of the power quality and the stability of frequency and voltage in an APS. Hourly and daily variations on the other hand, are decisive for the evaluation of the wind potential in a considered site. For the characterisation of wind potential the primary input consists of time series of wind speed measurements. These measurements are usually average values in time steps of 10 min or 1 h. If the height of the meteorological mast used for the acquisition of measurements is lower than the height of the wind turbine tower then a mathematical formula must be used for the transformation of measurements, due to the wind shear effect (Manwell, 1998). 

There was a virtual absence of pendulum motion and no measurable body centered perturbations developed. Data suggest a hang-off angle of 4° resulting from wind shear of 7-9 m/sec between the balloon float altitude and the position of the suspended payload at full extension. 

See also Air masses and fronts Atmosphere observation Atmosphere, composition and structure Atmospheric circulation Atmospheric temperature Dew point Fog Greenhouse effect Hydrologic cycle Weather forecasting Weather mapping Weather modification Wind chill Wind shear. 

Reduced wind turbulence Low towers due to low wind shear Submarine cables required... 

In addition, at altitudes near 100-105 km, thin layers (1-3 km thick) of greatly enhanced metal ion densities are found to extend over horizontal areas of a few hundred kilometers. This phenomenon is called a sporadic E layer, and arises primarily from the effects of wind shears in the presence of a magnetic field, although other mechanisms have also been... 

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