Species identification

We first introduce the time-dependent Schrbdinger equation (e.g.. Reference 88), 

Even if there is no stationary solution for Eq. (1), T(f) may still be expanded in terms of stationary orthonormal wave functions fj, which are solutions of the equation 

The total wave function T for a reaction such as that expressed in Eq. (7) may be expanded in a complete set of initial-state eigenfunctions T/ or in a complete set of final-state eigenfunctions (see Fig. 1, where the energy levels related to these eigenfunctions are depicted). Thus we can have 

It therefore seems that what is required for adequate physical representation is a mixture of the two sets. To this end Langer wrote 

If the energy in either the initial or final state is sufficiently high, then we have s 0, and we are thus imposing an approximate energy criterion for species identification. 

As DNA is more thermostable than many proteins, analyses using nucleic acid are less liable to be disrupted by processing of foodstuffs. Furthermore, DNA is present in the majority of the cells of an organism, potentially enabling identical information to be 

Electrical DNA hybridization biosensors are capable of converting DNA-DNA recognition events into an electronic signal-transduction process and identify different species in food. Further work is needed to realize the full potential of this new class of biosensors for the analysis of large DNA sequences and its application in species identification. 

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Gardiner, P. H. E. Species Identification for Trace Inorganic Elements in Biological Materials. 141, 145-174(1987). 

To ensure microbial strains are viable and pure a suite of morphological, biochemical, and cytochemical tests are used to confirm characteristics specific to their taxons. A number of commercially available rapid identification kits are also employed for some common genera. In addition to these taxon specific tests, many of the cultures are tested for their fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles using the commercial MIDI system. The FAME profiles can be compared to the MIDI database for species identification/confirmation purposes. The Biolog system, which yields a metabolic fingerprint of an organism, is another alternative for rapid identification. 

Once precursors have been generated and incorporated into a controlled environment, one last factor must be considered choice of analytical method for the detection of the subsequent reactive intermediates. Each of the above experimental systems can be coupled with a variety of analytical techniques for species identification. Several of the more prominent techniques will be discussed here. 

A variety of commercial kits and automated systems are available to test the abilities of bacteria to assimilate, ferment, decarboxylate, or cleave selected organic compounds.46 Their reliability for species identification is usually greater with cultures from clinical samples, where a limited number of bacteria are commonly encountered, and less with environmental soil and water samples, where a great many uncommon or previously unidentified species not in the database are likely to be present.29,45 Additional tests beyond those found in the commercial kits may be necessary for example, the hydrolysis of various nitriles and amides is useful for identifying Rhodococcus spp.47 Some commercial kits for clinical use feature antimicrobial susceptibility testing.21... 

This result is important to fully understanding the biochemical and ultra-structural origin of peaks and the physiological basis for variation. It not only helps in designing the analytical strategy (e.g., in selection of cleanup columns) but, more important, in making a decision on whether the marker should be used for strain or species identification or for biodetection. For example, there are a number of low-molecular weight peptides (1500-8000 kDa) present in... 

Conway, G. C. Smole, S. C. Sarracino, D. A. Arbeit, R. D. Leopold, P. E. Phylo-proteomics Species identification of Enterobacteriaceae using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotech-nol. 2001, 3,103-112. 

Nowadays, analytical chemistry has a large variety of methods, techniques and apparatus at its disposal and is able to play its instruments with high virtuosity. Therefore, the wide range of performance which analytical chemistry can achieve is extremely varied and extends from simple binary decisions (qualitative analysis) to quantitative analysis at the ultratrace level, from structure elucidation and species identification to studies of the dynamics and the topology of multispecies systems by means of temporally and spatially high-resolving techniques. 

Troesch A et al. Mycobacterium species identification and rifampin resistance testing with high-density DNA probe arrays. J Clin Microbiol 1999 37 49-55. 

Kubec R, Svobodova M and Velisek J (2000), Distribution of 5-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides in some Allium species. Identification of a new flavour precursor S-ethylcysteine sulfoxide (ethiin) , JAgric Food Chem, 48, 428-433. 

Ecosystems for supply of predator faecal samples K. Horskins and D. Elmouttie of QUT for help in species identification from photographs H. F. Nahrung for help with statistical analyses and the late Dr. J. C. Wilson for encouragement, advice and help with experimental design. 

This appears quite likely cf. K. T. Finley and L. K. J. Tong, in The Chemistry of the Carbon-Nitrogen Double Bond (Ed. S. Patai), Wiley, London, 1970. Nonetheless, in that the question of species identification persists is suggestive that file two tautomers are relatively close in energy and so our analysis continues quite unfazed by this seeming ambiguity. 

In contrast to the heat-labile proteins, DNA is relatively stable and can be tested in samples heated up to 120 °C (Lenstra, 2003). It is, unlike proteins, less affected by physiological conditions, environmental factors, storage, and processing (Shaw et ah, 2002). DNA sequences are now widely used for species identification in DNA barcoding (Ratnasingham and Hebert,... 

Schneider, W. (1990). "FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Field Guide to the Commercial Marine Resources of the Gulf of Guinea", p. 268. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Africa, Rome, Italy. 

Meat proteins comprise a water-soluble fraction (containing the muscle pigment myoglobin and enzymes), a salt-soluble fraction composed mainly of contractile proteins, and an insoluble fraction comprising connective tissue proteins and membrane proteins. As reviewed by Dierckx and Huyghebaert [107], HPLC analysis of meat proteins has been successfully applied to evaluate heat-induced changes in the protein prohle, to detect adulterations (addition of protein of lower value, the replacement of meat from high-value species with meat from lower-value species, etc.), and for specie identification in noncooked products (also for fish sample). 

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