Animal species identification

NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) is defined as the highest dose at which no adverse effects are observed in the most susceptible animal species. The NOAEL is used as a basis for setting human safety standards for acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), taking into account uncertainty factors for extrapolation from animals to humans and inter-individual variabilities of humans. The adequacy of any margin of safety or margin of exposure must consider the nature and quality of the available hazard identification and dose-response data and the reliability and relevance of the exposure estimations. In some cases, no adverse endpoint can be identified such as for many naturally occurring compounds that are widespread in foods. In that case, an ADI Not Specified is assigned. ... 

Any system of animal identification should provide an appropriate means for distiuguishiug one animal from all other animals housed iu the same room. Each animal s identification only needs to he unique iu the room in which it is housed it need not he unique to all studies ever conducted with that species iu the laboratory. 

The identification of the metabolites of drugs in humans and animal species forms the basis of a separate chapter in this volume. However, some studies have been carried out on metabolism of model herbicide compounds in plants and these are reviewed briefly here. 

In the area of relevant species identification, the objectives of immuno-histochemistry and tissue-binding studies (often referred to as tissue crossreactivity studies) are to evaluate the relevance of a given species for use in toxicity studies with a biopharmaceutical and to identify expected and unexpected tissue binding of therapeutics in human and animal tissues. 

Statements on which regulatory guidelines, such as 21 CFR 58 for FDA GLP compliance, will be followed and on Animal Care Committee protocol review Information on the drug substance, which commonly includes the test article name or number, identification criteria, physical description, who is responsible for test article characterization, the concentration(s) to be used, recommended storage conditions, inventory maintenance, formulation procedures, reserve samples, retention samples, analyses for content and homogeneity (if necessary), disposition, and safety precautions Information on the animal species to be studied, animal husbandry procedures, such as housing, food, water, contaminants, environment conditions, acclimation, and justification of selection... 

Fish present few special considerations in regards to isolation and identification of metabolites. It should be noted the P-450 isozyme involvement and the resulting metabolite profiles may differ significantly from other animal species. 

The developed sensor (with 10 MHz quartz crystals) based on the detection of highly repetitive and species-specific DNA sequence present in bovine Bos Taurus) genomic (non-amphfied) DNA extracted from meat samples, has been apphed to the identification of animal species in meat samples. 

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