Special standards development procedures

Special Standards Development Procedures Fast-track procedure... 

Every in vitro method should be detailed in the developer laboratories using Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) covering all essential components and steps of the method. The SOP(s) should be sufficiently defined and described and should include the rationale for the test method, a description of the materials needed, such as specific cell types, a description of what is measured and how it is measured, a description of how data will be analyzed, acceptance and decision criteria for evaluation of data, and what are the criteria for suitable test performance. All limitations, e.g., lack of metabolic competences (presence of phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation activities) or absence of critical transporters, should be included in the in vitro method description. In general, the in vitro method should not require equipment or material from a unique source. This may not be always possible for particular in vitro test systems or other components of the method in which case a license agreement between the provider and a recipient/user may be required. For complex and/or specialized equipment, the equipment specifications and requirements should also be described. Acceptance criteria for measurements carried out on the equipment should also be provided where applicable (e.g., for analytical endpoint determinations, linearity and limits of detection should de detailed) [2],... 

HCF procedure development maintains consistency by follow/ing the TA-V Nuclear Facilities Conduct of Operations Manual (SNL 1998a) and the SNL ES H Manual (SNL 1998b). These documents describe procedure format and content, including Purpose, Scope, Ownership, Responsibilities, Definitions and Acronyms, Hazard Identification, Equipment and Materials, Format, Review and Approval Authority, and Document Control. Use of this format complies with DOE Order 5480.19, Conduct of Operations, Chapter 16 (DOE 1990). TA-V Standard Operating Procedures are written for tasks specifically identified in the Technical Safely Requirements (TSR) or as required by other directives or the SNL ES H manual to address special hazards. TA-V document types and hierarchy is described in TA-V Nuclear Facilities Conduct of Operations Manual (SNL 1998a) Chapter 16. 

The major engineering insurance companies are recognized as competent independent inspection authorities having a range of services, which they have developed during many years of service to the engineering industry, and therefore the following inspection procedures indicate many of the standard inspection services in use. However, special inspection procedures are frequently drawn... 

Solutions with low content of alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates cannot be analyzed by the two-phase method and specialized procedures have been developed. ISO method 7875/1 [267] is the standard method for analyzing sulfates and other anionic surfactants at very low concentrations, such as in waste-waters. The absorbance of the chloroform layer containing the surfactant-dye complex is spectrometrically measured at 650 nm and quantified using a calibration curve. Different improvements of this method have been developed [268,269]. 

Without a solution, formulated mathematical systems (models) are of little value. Four solution procedures are mainly followed the analytical, the numerical (e.g., finite different, finite element), the statistical, and the iterative. Numerical techniques have been standard practice in soil quality modeling. Analytical techniques are usually employed for simplified and idealized situations. Statistical techniques have academic respect, and iterative solutions are developed for specialized cases. Both the simulation and the analytic models can employ numerical solution procedures for their equations. Although the above terminology is not standard in the literature, it has been used here as a means of outlining some of the concepts of modeling. 

Some of the disadvantages of the Stille reaction, e. g. the low reactivity of some substrates, separation difficulties in chromatography, and the toxicity of tin compounds, have been ameliorated by recent efforts to improve the procedure. Curran has, in a series of papers, reported the development of the concept of fluorous chemistry, in which the special solubility properties of perfluorinated or partly fluorinated reagents and solvents are put to good use [45]. In short, fluorinated solvents are well known for their insolubility in standard organic solvents or water. If a compound contains a sufficient number of fluorine atoms it will partition to the fluorous phase, if such a phase is present. An extraction procedure would thus give rise to a three-phase solution enabling ready separation of fluorinated from nonfluorinated compounds. 

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