Spawning strategy

A broad class of optimization strategies does not require derivative information. These methods have the advantage of easy implementation and little prior knowledge of the optimization problem. In particular, such methods are well suited for quick and dirty optimization studies that explore the scope of optimization for new problems, prior to investing effort for more sophisticated modeling and solution strategies. Most of these methods are derived from heuristics that naturally spawn numerous variations. As a result, a very broad literature describes these methods. Here we discuss only a few important trends in this area. 

In the quest for optimal FRET resolution in three dimensions [48, 49], one requires sophisticated algorithms for analyzing complex distributions [48, 50, 51], An issue of particular relevance when multiple probes [52-54] and multiparametric detection [26, 55] are employed. Strategies for spatial superresolution [56] have spawned a family of acronyms RESOLFT, STED, STORM, astigmatic STORM, PALM, fPALM, sptPALM, PALMIRA ([57-59] and other references), some of which involve systematic photoconversion or destruction. Undoubtedly, these techniques will be applied systematically to FRET imaging, and, conversely, one can anticipate that FRET mechanisms will be exploited for achieving superresolution. 

The alternative strategy to spawning is brooding. Animals that brood release sperm into the water, while eggs remain within the mother. Sperm swim around until they find a female, enter her body, and fertilize the eggs. Eggs are brooded within the mother s body until time for them to hatch. 

NMR spectroscopy evolved primarily as a tool for the characterization of pure compounds or simple well-defined mixtures (see Section 9.06.1.2), whereas strategies for the NMR spectroscopic identification of compounds from complex mixtures have been developed only recently. As several examples have shown, using NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of complex mixtures can open up new perspectives and may enable new lines of inquiry in both natural products chemistry and metabolomics. Before discussing some of these examples in greater detail, it is useful to consider what developments spawned the recent surge in applications of NMR spectroscopy to mixtures and what prevented earlier uses of NMR spectroscopy for this purpose. 

While strategies like metabolic engineering offer great promise for spawning new medicines, other areas of chemistry aim to clean up the Earth, improving people s health by ridding the air and waters of pollutants. 

Possible solutions - Crustacean species employ various reproductive strategies in terms of the temporal relationship between gonad maturation, mating, and spawning, and these reproductive stages are coordinated with the molt cycle in a variety of ways (reviewed by Raviv et al. 2008). Can chemical cues be one of the inputs to the female sensory system that regulate any of these stages of a reproductive cycle ... 

The centrality of the FNA has spawned considerable research into improvement of the approach. The strategies for obtaining better nodes are numerous. Canonical HF orbitals, Kohn-Sham orbitals from density functional theory (DFT), and natural orbitals from post-HF methods have been used. The latter do not necessarily yield better nodes than single configuration wave functions [39-41]. More success has been found with alternative wave function forms that include correlation more directly than sums of Slater determinants. These include antisymmetrized geminal power functions [42,43], valence-bond [44,45] and Pfaffian [46] forms as well as... 

Local effects as well as the effectiveness of remedial strategies implemented are fairly easy to monitor and validate. For instance, when 700 oil wells in Kuwait were set ablaze by the retreating Iraqi forces in 1991, it spawned a severe local short-term environmental catastrophe. But the extent of damage and the success of control measure used by the lire control teams could be easily monitored. The same was not true of long-term effects of mercury waste being dumped into Minamata Bay in Japan the more serious impacts occurred in the future, while there was no immediate recognition of a threat to local community. ... 

Revolutionary versus Evolutionary Designs Will the Internet, and the virtual prototypes, choice-boards and toolkits it spawns, make firms more likely to emphasize rapid evolutionary designs (e.g., to present an ever changing web experience) If so, how might this impact more fundamental revolutionary innovation Could reliance on an e-commerce strategy actually make firms more vulnerable to attack by disruptive technologies ... 

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