South Vietnam

South Vietnam, during military defoliation operations with 2,4,5-T... 

South Vietnam 1985-87 food and wildlife maximum concentrations ... 

Two of the three-man SPT provided sworn testimony that they never gave, helped or observed the administration of LSD to anyone in South Vietnam. Reasons given were varied and included difficulty in finding appropriate subjects, inability to enlist Vietnamese cooperation and lack of a suitable site for the secret procedures. 

South Vietnam 1985-87 food and wildlife maximum concentrations Fish liver Chicken fat Pork fat Turtle liver Turtle gall bladder Turtle ovaries Snake... 

Unicel-IQO) at 1800 a ton to South Vietnam, presumably. for manuf of soles for tennis. 

Pham, V.N., Boyer, D., Le Model, J.-L. and Kim Thoa Nguyen, T. (2002) Hydrogeological investigation in the Mekong delta around Ho-Chi-Minh City (South Vietnam) by electric tomography. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 334(10), 733-40. 

Table 5.5. Comparison of the accuracies of the Method of Self-Organizing Models (MSOM) and differential approximation algorithms from results of retrieval of water level oscillations at the boundary of the Nyok Ngot lagoon (South Vietnam) with the South China Sea. From Bui (2001). Notation At is the time step, and e is the error (%).

In 1961 the U.S. Army began a highly controversial defoliation and crop destruction program in South Vietnam, in collaboration with the South Vietnamese government, and focussed on areas of major Viet Cong activity. The principle defoliant used was Agent Orange—a mixture of... 

Reports associating herbicides and birth defects in humans first appeared in Vietnamese newspapers in 1969. These led to a survey of birth defects, conducted by Dr. Cutting of the U.S. Army medical research team with the cooperation of the South Vietnam ministry of health. Over 1/2 million obstetrical records from 22 maternity hospitals located in 16 cities were examined for the years 1960-69. 

Nguyen Can et al. (ref. 127c) found significantly higher rates of miscarriage, molar pregnancy and congenital defects in children whose fathers had served in South Vietnam when compared with those whose fathers had not. 

Iwata, H., Agusa, T., Inoue, S., Kubota, R., Minh, N.H., Minh, T.B., Tu, N.P.C., Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Subramanian, A., Tanabe, S., Viet, P.H., Tuyen, B.C., 2004. Contamination of trace elements in groundwater and persistent organochlorines in sediment from Mekong Delta, South Vietnam. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Development of Water Resource Management System in Mekong Watershed, Hanoi, Vietnam, December 3 1, 2004. pp. 25-31. 

Official statements at the time, and to an extent even now, refer to only the less-toxic defoliants. However, Assistant Secretary of Defence, Cyrus Vance, when asked in 1965 whether arsenic and cyanide compounds were being sprayed over South Vietnam, replied, We are making limited use of them in the southern part of Vietnam but not yet in the north. 52 It is hard to escape the conclusion then that aerial spraying of cacodylic acid continued unabated to at least 1971 and caused unknown casualties to human and animal life below. 

CDDs have also been detected in breast milk of women exposed to high levels of CDDs and in women presumably exposed to background levels. High 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels (mean of 484 pg/g milk fat 18 pg/g whole milk) were found in the milk of mothers from South Vietnam in 1970 the levels dropped to a mean of 12 pg/g milk fat (0.47 pg/g milk) by 1985 (Schecter et al. 1987a) and 7.5 pg/g milk fat in samples collected between 1984 and 1992 (Schecter et al. 1995). Mean 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels in breast milk samples (collected in 1984) in mothers from South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the United States were 0.68, not detectable, and 0.19 pg/g whole milk (Schecter and Gasiewicz 1987b). The total CDD... 

Olie K, Schecter A, Constable J, et al. 1989. Chlorinated dioxin and dibenzofuran levels in food and wildlife samples in North and South Vietnam. Chemosphere 19 493-496. 

Cassia Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl Stem, bark China, Indonesia, South Vietnam... 

FIGURE 12.7. US Army soldiers using CS tear gas in South Vietnam. Photograph courtesy of the US Army Research Development and Engineering Command, Historical Research and Response Team, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. 

The global distribution of a-thalassemia is not easy to assess because of the difficulties in defining a-thalassemia heterozygosity in the adult. Most of the available data originate from analyses of subjects with Hb-H disease, hydrops fetalis, and related conditions. As indicated previously, the highest incidence is in East Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, South Vietnam, Indonesia), Southern Europe (Sardinia, other parts of Italy, Greece, Turkey), West Africa, and, to a much lesser extent, the Middle East and European countries. 

Ith as been known that a very small quantity of DNsoPMT added to crude rubber rendered it, after heating, more pliable and spongy. It is probable that on the strength of this knowledge, the US Agency of International Development shipped in 1966 50 tons of DuPont s DNsoPMT (code named Unicel-100) at 1800 a ton to South. Vietnam, presumably. for manuf of soles for tennis. 

Laurinavichene, T.V., Vasilieva, L.G., Tsygankov, A.A., Gogotov, I.N. (1989). The purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides isolated from the rice field of South Vietnam. Mikrobiologiya (Russ.) 57, 810-815. 

These herbicides have been used extensively in silviculture for control of deciduous trees in conifer forests (13). As a military defoliant, 2,4,5-T was mixed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), and an estimated 10 million gallons of this mixture was applied in South Vietnam under the name of Agent Orange. Subsequent analysis of human samples from South Vietnam has found 2,3,7,8-TCDD at elevated levels compared to samples from North Vietnam where Agent Orange was not used (14). 

In 1970, the Secretaries of Agriculture Health, Education, and Welfare and the Interior jointly announced the suspension of certain uses of 2,4,5-T. Subsequently, the DOD suspended use of Agent Orange. At the time of the suspension, the USAF had a 0.85 million gallon inventory of the herbicide at the Naval Construction Battalion Center (NCBC) in Gulfport, Mississippi. The 1.37 million gallons in South Vietnam were moved to Johnston Island, Pacific Ocean, in 1972. 

In November 1961 three C12.3 Provider transport planes of the United States Airforce took off from their base in the Philippines, bound for South Vietnam. All three were equipped with huge tanks capable of holding 1,000 gallons of liquid. High pressure nozzles were fitted beneath the wings and tailplanes. They were to be the instruments of the biggest use of chemical warfare since the First World War.45... 

Six were chosen for the job of denuding the jungle, coded as Agents Green, Pink, Purple, White, Blue and Orange, after the colours painted onto the drums in which they were delivered to the airfields of South Vietnam. The men into whose aircraft they were loaded chose as their slogan Only we can prevent forests . They boasted that we are the most hated outfit in Vietnam .48 ... 

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