Vietnam, North

CDDs have also been detected in breast milk of women exposed to high levels of CDDs and in women presumably exposed to background levels. High 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels (mean of 484 pg/g milk fat 18 pg/g whole milk) were found in the milk of mothers from South Vietnam in 1970 the levels dropped to a mean of 12 pg/g milk fat (0.47 pg/g milk) by 1985 (Schecter et al. 1987a) and 7.5 pg/g milk fat in samples collected between 1984 and 1992 (Schecter et al. 1995). Mean 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels in breast milk samples (collected in 1984) in mothers from South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the United States were 0.68, not detectable, and 0.19 pg/g whole milk (Schecter and Gasiewicz 1987b). The total CDD... 

South China Region. Included here is all of South China, plus northern Vietnam north of the Red River Fault, and the Emsian faunas of the western Kunlun (Sun and Chen, 1998). Wang et al. (1984) discuss the unit s brachiopod fauna. 

Malaria affects an estimated 270 million people and causes 2—3 million deaths annually, approximately one million of which occur in children under the age of five. While primarily an affliction of the tropics and subtropics, it has occurred as far north as the Arctic Circle. The disease essentially has been eradicated in most temperate-zone countries, but some 1100 cases of malaria in U.S. citizens returning from abroad were reported to the Centers for Disease Control during 1990. Malaria is seen today in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. It is on the increase in Afghanistan, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. Escalation of the disease is because of the discontinued use of the insecticide DDT which effectively kills mosquito larvae, but has been found to be toxic to Hvestock and wildlife. Also, chloroquine (6), a reUable dmg for the prophylaxis and treatment of falcipamm malaria, is ineffective in many parts of the world because of the spread of dmg-resistant strains. 

Australia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, North Korea, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam. 

On April 2, 1987, I arrived at MPD at approximately 9 00 AM. Detective Bradley was not available. I spoke to a third party who was willing to discuss the case with me on a strictly "off the record" basis. I was advised that all the passport data had been turned over to the State Department for their investigation. The State Department in turn advised MPD that all travel and use of the passports by the holders of the passports was within the law and no action would be taken. This includes travel to Moscow, North Korea and North Vietnam from the late 1950 s to I970 s. 

Lactuca indica L. (Lactula brevirostris Champ.) is an herb that grows in a geographical area spanning from North Asia to Papua New Guinea (Fig. 110). In China, the leaves are eaten as salad to facilitate digestion, and a decoction is drunk to break fever. In Taiwan, the plant is used to break fever, and it is used externally to soothe swellings. In Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, the plant is used to invigorate, promote... 

Olie, K., A. Schecter, J. Constable, R.M.M. Kooke, P. Seme, P.C. Slot, and P. de Vries. 1989. Chlorinated dioxin and dibenzofuran levels in fish and wildlife samples in the north and south of Vietnam. Chemosphere 19 493-496. 

North Vietnam 1985-87 maximum concentrations Pork fat Chicken fat Fish Cow fat... 

The United States stopped using Agent Orange in Vietnam in 1970—eight years before 2,4,5-T was taken off the market in this country—because of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong charges that herbicides were a form of chemical warfare forbidden by international treaty and claims from Vietnamese, Americans, and... 

Minh, T.B., Kunisue, T., Yen, N.T.H., Watanabe, M., Tanabe, S., Hue, N.D., Qui, V., 2002. Persistent organochlorine residues and their bioaccumulation profiles in resident and migratory birds from north Vietnam. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 2108-2118. 

Schecter, A., Toniolo, P., Dai, L.C., Thuy, L.T.B., Wolff, M.S., 1997. Blood levels of DDT and breast cancer risk among women living in the North of Vietnam. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33, 453 156. 

Schecter, A., Ryan, J.J., Constable, J., 1986. Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran levels in human adipose tissue and milk samples from the North and South of Vietnam. Chemosphere 15, 1613-1620. 

Official statements at the time, and to an extent even now, refer to only the less-toxic defoliants. However, Assistant Secretary of Defence, Cyrus Vance, when asked in 1965 whether arsenic and cyanide compounds were being sprayed over South Vietnam, replied, We are making limited use of them in the southern part of Vietnam but not yet in the north. 52 It is hard to escape the conclusion then that aerial spraying of cacodylic acid continued unabated to at least 1971 and caused unknown casualties to human and animal life below. 

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