Source in Japan

In 1996, Ito et al. reported the isolation of clauszoline-A (167) and clauszoline-B (168) from the acetone extract of the stem bark of C. excavata collected in Singapore (74). These alkaloids represented the first, naturally occurring 2,8-dioxygenated-3-formylcarbazole alkaloids with a dimethylpyran ring fused to C-7 and C-8 of the carbazole nucleus. The extracts of the leaves and bark of this tree have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of snakebites and abdominal pain (74). One year later, the same group isolated another pyrano[2,3-fl]carbazole alkaloid, clauszoline-H (169), from the roots of the same natural source in Japan (47) (Scheme 2.34). 

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate was found in the air and soil in the United States in the 1970s. None was found in samples taken from various water and soil sources in Japan at this time. General population exposures may have occurred from the use of clothing treated with the compound (WHO, 1995). 

J. Ando. NO abatement for stationary sources in Japan, EPA-600/7-83-027, May 1983. pi 177. F. Nakajima, Air pollution control with catalysis—Past, present, and future, Catal. Today... 

Calamus Oil Methyleugenol was found in up to 2.05% in an early survey of Indian sources [48], and a similar study of multiple sources in Japan showed an average of up to 1.8% [63]. 

Stream of new pulsed neutron sources in Japan (J-PARC), the United States (SNS), and the proposed new European spallation source (ESS). 

Tokai Power Plant (166MWe, Magnox type GCR) of the Japan Atomic Power Company (JAPC), the first commercial nuclear power plant in Japan, started its operation in 1966. Since then, construction of commercial nuclear power plants has been promoted in Japan. The number of operating nuclear power plants as of August 1997 is 52 and total capacity is 45.1 GWe. Electricity generation by nuclear power amounts to 34,0 % of all commercial electricity generation in fiscal year 1996. TTius, nuclear power is now an essential power source in Japan. 

Ando, J., 198S, Recent Developments in SO2 and NO Abatement Technology for Stationary Sources in Japan, EPA/60(V7-8S/040, U.S. EPA, Research Ttiangle Park, NC, September. 

The use of natural gas as a hydrocarbon source depends on transportation. Over long distances and waterways, Hquefied natural gas (LNG) is dehvered in cryogenic tankers or tmcks (see Gas, natural Pipelines). In the United States, about 22% of the fossil-fuel energy used in 1990 was gas, but in Japan this percentage was much less. 

As of 1996, synthetic quartz was produced in the United Kingdom, France, CIS, Venezuela, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, Poland, as weU as the United States. The principal nondomestic source is Japan. Some producers in the United States are Eastiake, in Ohio Motorola, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania and Thermo Dynamics, in Shawnee Mission, Kansas. 

Extraction tests are used primarily in Japan and Europe, a release test is used in the United States, and standard tests have been compared based on the sources of formaldehyde present in a finished fabric (76,78—80). Finished fabric may contain free formaldehyde, or formaldehyde released from unreacted /V-methy1o1 moieties. 

Some of the principal Japanese producers of benzene are Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Ltd., Sanyo Petrochemical Ltd., and Idemitsu Kosan Ltd. Until 1967, the main source of Japanese benzene was coal-based. Today, approximately 40—45% of benzene production in Japan is based on pyrolysis gasoline (74), about 40% catalytic reformate, and the remainder coke oven light oil and thermal hydrodealkylation. 

Occurrence. Iodine [7553-56-2] is widely distributed in the Hthosphere at low concentrations (about 0.3 ppm) (32). It is present in seawater at a concentration of 0.05 ppm (33). Certain marine plants concentrate iodine to higher levels than occur in the sea brine these plants have been used for their iodine content. A significant source of iodine is caUche deposits of the Atacama Desert, Chile. About 40% of the free world s iodine was produced in Japan from natural gas wells (34), but production from Atacama Desert caUche deposits is relatively inexpensive and on the increase. By 1992, Chile was the primary world producer. In the United States, underground brine is the sole commercial source of iodine (35). Such brine can be found in the northern Oklahoma oil fields originating in the Mississippian geological system (see Iodine and iodine compounds). 

Urea and ammonium sulfate [7783-20-2] are coated by Chisso Co. under the trade names LP Cote and Meister. AH U.S. consumption of these products is sourced from Japan. Chisso-Asahi products are marketed through very specific distribution channels (Table 5). Coated N—P—K products are marketed primarily to commercial nurseries and greenhouses. Coated urea products are marketed in blends to commercial nurseries, as weU as to professional turf and strawberry growers. 

In Japan Chlorella spp has been produced for food in continuous aseptic systems in conventional bioreactors. The organisms are grown in the dark as heterotrophs using sucrose (in the form of molasses) or glucose as carbon and energy source. Production has been 2,000-3,000 tonnes per year at a selling price of (US)10-22 kg 1 (1990 prices). This product is sold as a high-value health food. 

Cypridina luciferase is not available commercially at present. However, Cypridina luciferase can be readily extracted from both live and dried Cypridina, and the crude extract, after dialysis, can be used in the measurement of Cypridina luciferin. Live Cypridina can be collected in Japan, and the ostracod can be cultivated in laboratory (see the last part of Section 3.1.2). Dried Cypridina is available from certain sources, including the author s laboratory. 

The silicide and salicide technologies are particularly important in Japan and may indicate a general switch to these materials whenever appropriate.In one case, epitaxial cobalt disilicide provided a satisfactory diffusion source and is mentioned as a promising alternative for deep submicron devices.1 1... 

Thermal recycling of plastics is becoming a more popular option in Japan, largely because of a lack of landfill sites, and also because of the materials potential as an untapped source of energy. The article supplies brief details of the advantages of thermal recycling. 

An overview of the reactions involving trihalomethanes (haloforms) CHXYZ, where X, Y, and Z are halogen atoms, has been given in the context of ozone depletion (Hayman and Derwent 1997). Interest in the formation of trichloroacetaldehyde formed from trichloroethane and tetrachloroethene is heightened by the phytotoxicity of trichloroacetic acid (Frank et al. 1994), and by its occurrence in rainwater that seems to be a major source of this contaminant (Muller et al. 1996). The situation in Japan seems, however, to underscore the possible significance of other sources including chlorinated wastewater (Hashimoto et al. 1998). Whereas there is no doubt about the occurrence of trichloroacetic acid in rainwater (Stidson et al. 2004), its major source is unresolved since questions remain on the rate of hydrolysis of trichloroacetaldehyde (Jordan et al. 1999). 

Figure 1.174. Frequency (number of analyses) histogram for Ag (atomic %) of gold from the Tsugu deposit (solid) and epithermal gold-silver vein-type deposits in Japan (open). I sample I II sample II. Data sources Tsugu deposit (Shikazono and Shimizu, 1988b) epithermal gold-silver vein-type deposits in Japan (Shikazono 1981, 1986 Shikazono and Shimizu, 1988b).

Sawai, O., Yoneda, T., and Itaya, T. (1992b) Mineralization ages of Chitose, Todoroki and Teine Au-Ag vein-type deposits, southwest Hokkaido, Japan. Re.source Geology, 43, 165-172 (in Japane.se with English abst.). 

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