Soluble styrene copolymers

The organic and aqueous phases are prepared in separate tanks before transferring to the reaction ketde. In the manufacture of a styrenic copolymer, predeterrnined amounts of styrene (1) and divinylbenzene (2) are mixed together in the organic phase tank. Styrene is the principal constituent, and is usually about 90—95 wt % of the formulation. The other 5—10% is DVB. It is required to link chains of linear polystyrene together as polymerization proceeds. DVB is referred to as a cross-linker. Without it, functionalized polystyrene would be much too soluble to perform as an ion-exchange resin. Ethylene—methacrylate [97-90-5] and to a lesser degree trivinylbenzene [1322-23-2] are occasionally used as substitutes for DVB. 

Styrene is a colorless Hquid with an aromatic odor. Important physical properties of styrene are shown in Table 1 (1). Styrene is infinitely soluble in acetone, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, ether, / -heptane, and ethanol. Nearly all of the commercial styrene is consumed in polymerization and copolymerization processes. Common methods in plastics technology such as mass, suspension, solution, and emulsion polymerization can be used to manufacture polystyrene and styrene copolymers with different physical characteristics, but processes relating to the first two methods account for most of the styrene polymers currendy (ca 1996) being manufactured (2—8). Polymerization generally takes place by free-radical reactions initiated thermally or catalyticaHy. Polymerization occurs slowly even at ambient temperatures. It can be retarded by inhibitors. 

Under similar UV irradiation conditions for the coatings obtained from the solution of model copolymers such as poly(tributylstannyl methacrylate) and maleic anhydride/styrene copolymer, no considerable change was observed in their IR spectra and solubility. 

Hydrophobic oil-soluble block copolymers Emulsion AA (Emulfip 102b, IPE202b), for example, made from polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride with monoether of poly (ethylene glycol) typical block copolymer is made from styrene/ethylene/propylene IFP (Gateau et al., 2004)... 

Class B. Organic water-soluble flocculants, which are adsorbed on the cement particles and increase viscosity by promoting interparticle attraction. These materials are styrene copolymers with carboxyl groups, synthetic polyelectrolytes and natural gums. 

Chain polymerization (addition reactions) polyoxymethylene, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), acrylic polymers, polystyrene and styrene copolymers, water-soluble polyamide... 

Polyco [Borden], TM for a series of thermoplastic polymers in the form of water emulsions or solvent solutions, applied to vinyl acetate polymers and copolymers, butadiene-styrene copolymer lat-ics, polystyrenes, vinyl and vinylidene chloride copolymers, acrylic copolymers, and water-soluble polyacrylates. 

A water-soluble block copolymer composed of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) and hydrophobic poly(styrene-co-vinyl-imidazole) was synthesized (3). Cu ion was complexed with the imidazole residue of the central hydrophobic residue. The com-plexation of about one Cu ion per block copolymer molecule resulted in a pale-blue aqueous and homogeneous solution. 

Novel iron carbonyl monomer, r)4-(2,4-hexadien-l-yl acrylate)tricarbonyl-iron, 23, was prepared and both homopolymerized and copolymerized with acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, styrene, and methyl methacrylate using AIBN initiation in benzene.70,71 72 The reactivity ratios obtained demonstrated that 23 was a more active acrylate than ferrocenylmethyl acrylate, 2. The thermal decomposition of the soluble homopolymer in air at 200°C led to the formation of Fe203 particles within a cross-linked matrix. This monomer raised the glass transition temperatures of the copolymers.70 The T)4-(diene)tricarbonyliron functions of 23 in styrene copolymers were converted in high yields to TT-allyltetracarbonyliron cations in the presence of HBF4 and CO.71 Exposure to nucleophiles gave 1,4-addition products of the diene group.71... 

A latex-supported catalyst has been used to isolate sites. Styrene has been polymerized in the presence of an ionene diblock copolymer (a water-soluble cationic copolymer) to form a graft copolymer latex.31 The cobalt phthalocyanine sulfonate catalyst [CoPc(S03 Na+])4 was added and became attached to the cationic polymer. When this catalyst was used for the oxidation of thiols to disulfides by oxygen, the activity was 15 times that in a polymer-free system. 

In view of the wide application of Py—GC in industry and research, the development of techniques and equipment for automatic analysis by this method is of great practical interest. An automatic Py—GC system was developed by Coulter and Thompson [69] for Curie-type cells with a filament for specific application in the tyre industry. A typical analysis involves the identification and determination of polymers in a tyre material sample. The material of a tyre is essentially a mixture of polymers, most often natural rubber (polyisoprene), synthetic polyisoprene, polybutadiene and butadiene-styrene copolymer. A tube is normally made of a material based on butyl rubber and a copolymer of isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene. In addition to the above ingredients, the material contains another ten to twelve, such as sulphur, zinc oxide, carbon black, mineral oil, pine pitch, resins, antioxidants, accelerators and stearic acid. In analysing very small samples of the tyre material, the chemist must usually answer the following question on the basis of which polymers is the tyre made and what is their ratio The problem is not made easier by the fact that cured rubber is not soluble in any solvent. 

Soluble linear polystyrene can also be used to prepare recyclable sulfoxide reagents for Swern oxidations [104]. While the styrene copolymer sulfoxides 68 are not strictly catalysts, they are easily recycled by precipitation with cold methanol. Reoxidation of the sulfide with f-BuOOH reformed the starting polymeric sulfoxide 68. While some decrease in yield was seen from cycle to cycle through four cycles, the products were not contaminated with polymer - an advantage in high throughput chemistry where separations need to be as simple as possible. 

Solventborne paints are based on synthetic resins (e.g., acrylate styrene copolymers) which are soluble in aliphatic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons. The properties of these coatings are chiefly determined by the nature and proportion of the monomers. 

There is an important categoiy of free-radical emulsion polymerizations where the hydrophobic polymer does not dissolve in its own monomer [3-6] or is only sparingly soluble in its own monomer [3]. Some examples of these kinds of polymerizations are the emulsion polymerization of fluorinated monomers (e.g. tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), 1,2-difluoroethylene) [4,5] and acrylonitrile [6]. The polymers formed by these polymerizations all have significant industrial importance, particularly as engineering polymers (e.g. Teflon, aciylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)). As a result much of the research into these processes remains outside the public domain. 

Class B—organic flocculants soluble in water, adsorbed on cement grains and increasing viscosity by electrostatic attraction. To class B belong styrene copolymers with carboxylate groups, synthetic polyelectrolytes and natural rabbets. 

The polymer is amorphous and soluble. In this polymer, however, the side groups are rigid and they restrict considerably the bending and coiling of the polymer chains. Except at high molecular weights (unsuitable for paints), polystyrene is therefore weak and brittle, and styrene copolymers (sometimes styrene is copolymerized with drying oils and alkyds) are more suitable as paint resins. 

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