Amine solubility

Ether solution. Contains water- insoluble amines. Aqueous solution. Will possess ammo, niacal odour of water-soluble amines present. Distil as long as distillate is alkaline to recover volatile water-soluble amines. 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

Oxidation inhibitor To increase oxidation reistance Oil-soluble amine and phenol... 

PVP, a water soluble amine-based pol5mer, was found to be an optimum protective agent because the reduction of noble metal salts by polyols in the presence of other surfactants often resulted in non-homogenous colloidal dispersions. PVP was the first material to be used for generating silver and silver-palladium stabilized particles by the polyol method [231-233]. By reducing the precur-sor/PVP ratio, it is even possible to reduce the size of the metal particles to few nanometers. These colloidal particles are isolable but surface contaminations are easily recognized because samples washed with the solvent and dried in the air are subsquently not any more pyrophoric [231,234 236]. 

With chemical treatment, the natural surfactants in crude oil can be activated [1384]. This method has been shown to be effective for highly viscous crude oil from the Orinoco Belt that has been traditionally transported either by heating or diluting. The precursors to the surfactants are preferably the carboxylic acids that occur in the crude oil. The activation occurs by adding an aqueous buffer solution [1382,1383]. The buffer additive is either sodium hydroxide in combination with sodium bicarbonate or sodium silicate. Water-soluble amines also have been found to be suitable [1506]. 

Boron zirconimn chelates from ammonium hydroxide water-soluble amines sodium or potassimn zirconium and organic acid salts such as lactates, citrates, tartrates, glycolates, malates, gluconates, glycerates, and mandelates with polyols such as glycerol, erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, mannitol, inositol, monosaccharides, and disaccharides [463,464,1592,1593]... 

Gee, K.R., Archer, E.A., and Kang, H.C. (1999) 4-Sulfotetrafluorophenyl (STP) esters New water-soluble amine-reactive reagents for labeling biomolecules. Tetrahedron Lett. 40, 1471. 

This procedure works well only with water-soluble amines. A procedure has been given elsewhere for the preparation of triazenes of water-insoluble amines.2... 

The method described here has been used for the preparation of a number of N-(2-haloaUyl)alkylamines from a water-soluble amine and the corresponding 2,3-dihalopropene. -4... 

The outcome of a diazotization reaction is largely controlled by the temperature, the pH, and the concentration of the medium in which the reaction is carried out. Reactions involving sparingly soluble amines are also dependent on physical parameters, such as distribution and particle size, as well as on the possible presence of emulsifiers or dispersion agents. 

A solution of penicillin is not stable beyond two weeks even at refrigerator temperatures. However, the use of suspensions of sparingly soluble amine salts (procaine and hydrabamine salts) in aqueous vehicles allowed marketing of a ready-made penicillin product. 

The use of soluble amine bases failed to give products, whereas the heterogeneous conditions KOH/THF proved optimal in promoting aldoxime formation for a broad range of substrates. Optically active nitroalkanes including aromatic (both electron-rich and electron-deficient), heteroaromatic, branched and unbranched aliphatic substrates, as well as substrates that incorporate unprotected alcohol functionalities were successfully reduced. 

The antioxidant and acid neutralization properties of most fuel stabilizer formulations help to prevent the initial formation of most acids. Compounds such as tertiary-alkyl primary amines, as shown by the example in FIGURE 6-5, are quite effective distillate fuel additives. These oil-soluble amines can be formulated into stabilizer formulations at relatively low concentrations and can provide a significant boost in overall performance of a fuel stabilizer. 

An amino acid (0.4 mol based on carboxy group), HF (50 g, 2.5 mol) and SF4 (100 g, 0.93 mol) were reacted in a 400-mL stainless steel tube at 120 C for 8 h, The products were poured into a polyethylene dish and heated on a steam bath to expel HF, then made strongly alkaline with aq NaOH and steam distilled. The higher amines sparingly soluble in water, were extracted with Et,0. which was dried and distilled. For the lower, water-soluble amines, the steam distillate was acidified with HC1 and evaporated to dryness to give the amine hydrochloride. The free amine was liberated from the hydrochloride with 40 % "aq KOH. 

Alkyl nitrites can also be used in anhydrous media and, for example, 4-hydroxyben-zenediazonium tetrafluoroborate is isolated in 89% yield after diazotization with isopcntyl nitrite, hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride in ethanol/diethyl ether.96 Diazotization can also be performed in dichloromethane or ethers (diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane) with terl-butyl nitrite and boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex which generates nitrosyl fluoride in situ.229 Excess boron trifluoride is used to trap water and tert-butyl alcohol, so that the reaction can be considered as being performed under complete anhydrous conditions. Yields are higher in dichloromethane, but 1,2-dimethoxyethane is preferred for less soluble amines. This procedure has been successfully applied to the synthesis of mono-and difluorobenzo[c]phcnanthrenes.230... 

Macrolactonization The original conditions of Steglich esterification are ineffective for lactonization of co-hydroxy carboxylic acids. However, addition of a soluble amine hydrochloride as a proton-transfer agent results in a useful method... 

The phenethylamine homologue of TMA-6 is well known, but is virtually unexplored pharmacologically. The above benzaldehyde with nitromethane in glacial acetic acid containing ammonium acetate gave the appropriate beta-nitrostyrene as yellow crystals with a mp 177-177.5 °C. This, with LAH in ether, gave 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenethylamine (2,4,6-TMPEA, or 2C-TMA-6) as the picrate salt (mp 204-205 °C) or the hydrochloride salt (mp 234-235 °C). It has been shown not to be a substrate to the soluble amine oxidase from rabbit liver, a property it shares with mescaline, but whether it is or is not active in man is at present unknown. 

Ether solution. Aqueous Contains solution. volatile water- Concentrate insoluble by distillation amines contains volatile water- soluble amines ... 

Treat the solution (R i) remaining in the distilling flask after the volatile acidic and neutral compounds have been removed with 10-20 per cent sodium hydroxide solution until distinctly alkaline. If a solid separates, filter it off and identify it. Distil the alkaline solution until no more volatile bases pass over (distillate no longer turbid, or not basic to litmus water-soluble bases also possess characteristic odours) add more water to the contents of the flask if the solution becomes too concentrated during this distillation. [Set aside the solution in the distilling flask (S2) for Step 3.] If the volatile basic compounds are insoluble in water, remove them by extraction with two 20 ml portions of ether, and identify the bases (compare Sections 9.6.21, p. 1273 and 9.6.22, p. 1278) after evaporation of the ether. The water-soluble amines may be identified with phenyl isothiocyanate it is best to concentrate the bases by redistilling and collecting the first half of the distillate separately. 

The solubility of low-molecular-weight amines in water is high. In general, if the total number of carbons attached to nitrogen is four or less, the amine is water soluble amines with a carbon content greater than four are water insoluble. However, all amines are soluble in organic solvents such as diethyl ether or dichloromethane. 

Polyaddition was also performed using chitosan stabilizer with two biocompatible costabilizers, Jeffamine D2000 and Gluadin, and a linking diepoxide in presence of an inert oil and it results, via an interface reaction, in thin but rather stable nanocapsules. Since both water and oil soluble aminic costabilizers can be... 

With rather insoluble arylamincs, such as anthranilic acid, the diazolizing reaction mixtures were stirred overnight to ensure completioit of the reaction. With very readily soluble amines, such as aniline, there was no need for the use of CH2CI2, and 1,2-dichlorobenzcne was used as the medium for both the diazotization and dediazoniation steps. 

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