Solid-state chemistry semiconductors

All the compounds of the family (Al, Ga, In)-(P, As, Sb) are semiconductors and are well-known electronic and opto-electronic materials. They are often indicated as 13-15 compounds meaning compounds formed by the combination of one element of the 13 th group with one of the 15 th of the Periodic Table. In the semiconductor nomenclature these compounds are also called III/V compounds on the basis of old conventions in numbering the groups of the Periodic Table. Several synthetic approaches to the preparation and purification of the compounds of this family have therefore been considered. A selection of these methods will be reported as an illustration of the variety of methodologies which find increasing applications in intermetallic and, more generally, in solid-state chemistry. 

Thus, from a solid-state chemistry point of view, the conducting polymer poly-3-methyl thiophene is in the reduced state, a semiconductor with a band structure. Intercalating with ions and oxidizing makes the compound behave as a metal from 0.45 to 1.1 Von theNHS. 

See also -> semiconductors and - defects in solids. Refs. [i] West AR (1984) Solid state chemistry and its applications. Wiley, Chichester [ii] RickertH (1982) Electrochemistry of solids. An introduction. Springer, Berlin... 

Alloys Borates Solid-state Chemistry Carbides Transition Metal Solid-state Chemistry Chalcogenides Solid-state Chemistry Diffraction Methods in Inorganic Chemistry Electronic Structure of Solids Fluorides Solid-state Chemistry Halides Solid-state Chemistry Intercalation Chemistry Ionic Conductors Magnetic Oxides Magnetism of Extended Arrays in Inorganic Solids Nitrides Transition Metal Solid-state Chemistry Noncrystalline Solids Oxide Catalysts in Solid-state Chemistry Oxides Solid-state Chemistry Quasicrystals Semiconductor Interfaces Solids Characterization by Powder Diffraction Solids Computer Modeling Superconductivity Surfaces. 

The largest series of electronically conducting materials are the phosphate tungsten bronzes. These have similar properties to oxides bronzes such as Na WOs (see Oxides Solid-state Chemistry) and are strongly colored metals or semiconductors. They are formed by inserting planes of... 

To this point, we have seen how the structural, electronic, optical, and electrical properties of semiconductors can be treated within a common framework. The bonding in the lattice determines the structure of the solid, and the structure of the lattice in turn affects the band structure. This band structure then can be used to describe the chemical, optical, and electrical properties of the semiconducting solid. Thus, chemical control over the electronic properties of semiconductors is an important component of modem research in solid-state chemistry and solid-state physics. The concepts described above enable this process to be understood from a relatively qualitative, chemically based viewpoint. Further... 

Alloys Chalcogenides Solid-state Chemistry Hypervalent Compounds Magnetism of Extended Arrays in Inorganic Solids Magnetism of Transition Metal Ions Semiconductors. 

Impurity addition, however, is not the only doping mechanism. Nonstoichiometry in compound semiconductors such as CdTe (Table 1) also gives rise to n- or p-type behavior depending on whether Cd or Te is in slight excess, respectively. The defect chemistry in these solid chalcogenides controls their conductivity and doping in a complex manner, a discussion of which is beyond the scope of this chapter. Excellent treatises are available on this topic and on the solid-state chemistry of semiconductors in general [16-22]. 

The development of semiconductors is clearly among the most significant technological achievements to evolve from the study of solid-state chemistry and physics. Aside from their well-known applications in computers and electronics, semiconductors are also used in a wide variety of optical devices such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and solar panels. The diversity of applications can be readily understood with only a basic understanding of the theory behind these materials. 

Carbon Fullerenes Chalcogenides Solid-state Chemistry Defects in Solids Diffraction Methods in Inorganic Chemistry Ionic Conductors Semiconductors Superconductivity Zeolites. 

Theoretical calculations indicate that the electronic properties for a single-walled nanotube will vary as a function of its diameter and helicity [59-61], and that the tube may behave as a semiconductor or metallic conductor, giving rise to the possibility of novel applications in solid state chemistry and to the development of nano-scale electronic devices. 

One of the most important advances in solid state chemistry is the development of silicon-based materials. The Silicon Valley is where the semiconductor industry was bom scientists worked very hard to learn how to purify silicon and arrange the silicon atoms in such a way that they can be used to make a computer chip. At the heart of every single computer, and most electronic devices, is silicon. Just look aroimd you and imagine a world without silicon, it would be a very different place. 

There s also another situation that arises in solid state materials. Remember that in crystals many atoms are lined together, the electrons experience a collective level of energy known as a band. They can reside in either the valence band or the conduction band, depending on the chemistry and state of the material. The energy difference required to raise an electron from the valance band to the conduction band is called the bandgap energy. This is an important concept in solid state chemistry it s used to classify semiconductor materials and photovoltaic materials. 

This is the first textbook of solid state chemistry. The theory of periodic systems (especially semiconductors) is presented in about 230 pages. 

FIGURE 40.27 Mass spectrum from a P-doped Ge nanowire as obtained by atom probe. Reprinted from Perea, D.E., Wijaya, E., Lensch-Falk, IL., Hemesath, E.R., Lauhon, L.I (2008) Tomographic analysis of dilute impurities in semiconductor nanostructures./owmal of Solid State Chemistry, 181(1), 1642-1649. Copyright (2008), with permission from Elsevier. 

Physics chemistry solid-state physics semiconductor physics semiconductor devices microelectronics materials science engineering electronics. 

Sometime in the past decade, probably around 1982-1984, the collective imagination of electroanalytical chemists absorbed the connections among such diverse areas as solid-state chemistry, fabrication of solid-state devices, semiconductors, polymer morphology, surface and interfacial chemistry, membrane chemistry and technology, biochemistry, and catalytic mechanisms. Before the advent of electrodes modified with multilayers of polymers, these areas of endeavor were each distinct within the electroanalytical mind. Once charge transport could be observed in such a simultaneously simple and complex system as a redox polymer film, the relevance of charge transfer in biological systems, and at the surfaces of solids and membranes, became apparent. A 1984... 

Simply put, a conductive organic polymer, or for that matter any organic polymer, is not a metal, although many of the theories used to explain the electrical nature of ICPs are based on our understanding of conduction mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Band theory, polarons, bipolarons, thermopower, etc., are but a few examples of the models borrowed from solid-state chemistry and physics to explain the observed electronic behavior of these materials. Lattice distortions that... 

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