Solid physical extraction process

Solid phase extraction is a physical extraction process that takes place between a liquid and a solid phase. The solid phase has a stronger affinity for the isolate than for the solvent in which the isolate is dissolved. When the sample solution passes through the bed of sorbent, the isolate becomes concentrated on the surface of the sorbent while the other constituents of the sample pass freely through the bed [20], The SPE process is illustrated in Fig. 7-3. 

The physical extraction process, which takes place between the liquid phase (the liquid sample containing the dissolved analytes) and the solid phase (the adsorption material) is common to all SPEs. The analytes are usually extracted successfully because the interactions between them and the solid phase are stronger than those with the solvent or the matrix components. After the sample solution has been applied to the solid phase bed, the analytes become emiched on the surface of the SPE material. All other sample components pass unhindered through the bed and can be washed out. The maximum sample volume that can be applied is limited by the breakthrough volume (BTV) of the analyte. Elution is achieved by changing the solvent. For this, there must be a stronger interaction between the elution solvent and the analyte than between the latter and the solid phase. The elution volume should be as small as possible to prevent subsequent solvent evaporation. 

In these two examples, we described polyurethane as a physical device possessing such important features as a high surface-to-volume ratio and a high void volume. We also talked about it as a chemical system for solid solvent extraction and as a polymer system for enhancing tlie adhesion of cells. We will go into much more detail, but we have begun the process of considering polyurethane for uses beyond furniture cushions. 

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a purification technique based on the extraction of a compound (or a mixture of compounds) from a solution through absorption on a solid support The main physical principles involved in the extraction process are ionic interactions between acidic and basic species, and polar and/or nonpolar... 

Another popular and selective extraction technique widely used in bioanalysis is solid phase extraction (SPE). SPE is a separation process utilizing the affinity of the analytes to a solid stationary phase. By manipulating the polarity and pH of the mobile phase, the analytes of interest or undesired impurities pass through stationary phase sequentially according to their physical and chemical properties. For a SPE procedure, a wash step refers to the elution of the unwanted impurities which are discarded and the elution step refers to the elution of the analytes of interest which are collected. While the fundamental remains the same in decades, the continuing invention and introduction of new commercial stationary phases and accessory devices have boosted the application of SPE in bioanalysis and many other fields. 

The formalism of nonlocal functional density theory provides an attractive way to describe the physical adsorption process at the fluid - solid interface.65 In particular, the ability to model adsorption in a pore of slit - like or cylindrical geometry has led to useful methods for extracting pore size distribution information from experimental adsorption isotherms. At the moment the model has only been tested for microporous carbons and slit - shaped materials.66,67 It is expected that the model will soon be implemented for silica surfaces. 

We thus reduce the number of alternatives to 2. In both options the incineration will be carried out at the nearest, EPA approved, commercial incinerator located in Chicago and operated by Chemwaste Management Company. Based on the physical properties presented in Table 1 and the quantity of material to be incinerated, estimates of incineration cost were obtained as 0.64/kg of liquid and 22/kg of solid [ 8 ]. If one wishes to use the solvent extraction process, one realizes a considerable economic savings in incineration costs due to the substantial difference between the costs of incinerating liquids and solids. The estimated cost of incinerating solids includes ash disposal. If the solid, upon incineration, does not... 

Solid phase extraction A process used to separate compounds from a mixture based on their chemical and physical characteristics Solubility A measure of the amount of solid required to be added to a given volume of solvent in order to form a saturated solution Solvent A substance that can dissolve another substance to form a solution. 

The mechanism of physical extraction for analytical purposes always involves the bombardment or irradiation of a sample with an ion or laser beam, respectively [58, 59]. These processes are typically known as sputtering and ablation, respectively [60]. The interaction results in the volatilization of matter, in the form of solid fragments, neutral particles, or ions. While solid fragments need to be further divided before being introduced into an analyzer, neutral or charged particles can be detected directly with the appropriate technology. Nonetheless, post-extraction... 

Selective injection involves discrimination during the transfer of the analytes to the analytical column, based on some of their physical or chemical properties. In HPLC, selective injection should be considered as being directly related to solid-phase extraction (SPE) or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) processes. However, modules allowing automated off-line SPE or SPME should not be considered as selective injection. An online setup between SPE/SPME... 

This part, on applications, covers the following unit operations 8. Evaporation 9. Drying of Process Materials 10. Stage and Continuous Gas-Liquid Separation Processes (humidification, absorption) 11. Vapor-Liquid Separation Processes (distillation) 12. Liquid—Liquid and Fluid-Solid Separation Processes (adsorption, ion exchange, extraction, leaching, crystallization) 13. Membrane Separation Processes (dialysis, gas separation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration) 14. Mechanical-Physical Separation Processes (filtration, settling, centrifugal separation, mechanical size reduction). 

Chemical methods based on the study of extractant distribution (TBP) on TVEX-TBP resins were used to demonstrate that TBP is adsorbed by the TVEX porous matrix by physical adsorption. Extractant wash-out from the TVEX matrix is an important characteristic for metal extraction applications of solid adsorbents as TVEX since it may influence the physical-chemical properties of the extraction process. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy analysis of TVEX-TPB resins show the absence of shift for stretching frequency of the P = O group in comparison to the stretching frequency assignment for liquid TBP as an indication that TBP is hold by matrix surface due to physical adsorption as was confirmed from the by enthalpy values of TBP distribution from the TVEX matrix of 45.0 0.5 kJ/mol [10]. 

In this chapter an environmental friendly extraction process of com germ oil based on the use of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) is presented. The effect of important operating parameters in supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) processes such as pressure, temperature and flow rate on the extraction kinetics and the quality of the extracted oil is discussed. As for many SC-CO2 extractions of vegetable oils, extraction curves of com germ oil present an initially linear part with a slope close to the oil solubility value in CO2. Then, a second section of the extraction curve is determined by the diffusional resistance in the solid matrix. Characterization of supercritical cmde com oil is presented by showing some properties reported in the literature such as physical parameters, fatty acid composition, neutral lipids, content of tocopherols, acid index, peroxide value, antioxidant capacity and the oxidative stability. 

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a separation process by which compounds that are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are separated from other compounds in the mixture according to their physical and chemical properties. Analytical laboratories use solid phase extraction to concentrate and purify samples for analysis. Solid phase extraction can be used to isolate analytes of interest from a wide variety of matrices, including urine, blood, water, beverages, soil, and animal tissue. 

The most common physical conversion processes are briquetting, pelletizing, and fiber extraction. Briquetting is the method used to convert loose biomass into high-density solid blocks, while during pelletization, the fine-particle raw material is compacted to pellet under pressure. Fiber extraction regards the extracting... 

Fluidized beds are widely used to achieve either chemical reactions or physical processing that require interfacial contact between gas and particles. Heat transfer is important in many of these applications, either to obtain energy transfer between the solid and gas phases or to obtain energy transfer between the two-phase mixture and a heating/cooling medium. The latter case is particularly important for fluidized bed reactors which require heat addition or extraction in order to achieve thermal control with heats of reaction. 

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